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Ethics in research

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Ethics in research Biomedical research ethics came about as a result of abuse to research participants in the past Nazis concentration camp experiments – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Ethics in research


1
Ethics in research
  • Biomedical research ethics came about as a result
    of abuse to research participants in the past
  • Nazis concentration camp experiments
  • The Tuskegee Syphilis Study
  • Research was often carried out on prisoners,
    orphans, or mentally ill many times without the
    subjects knowledge

2
Ethics in research (cont.)
  • The Nuremberg Code (1947)
  • Developed from the Nuremberg Military Tribunals
  • Had no legal authority (unenforceable)
  • Only dealt with research on healthy participants
  • Left the control of research entirely up to
    scientists

3
Ethics in research (cont.)
  • Declaration of Helsinki (1964)
  • Developed by the World Medical Association to
    remedy deficiencies of the Nuremberg Code
  • Has been amended five times, most recently in
    2000
  • Required medical researchers to clearly define
    study protocols
  • Protocols had to be submitted to independent
    ethical review committees (IRB) for approval

4
Ethics in research (cont.)
  • The Belmont Report (1979)
  • Included 3 principles of research ethics
  • Autonomy the principle of respect for persons
    especially those with diminished autonomy
  • Beneficence supports the well-being of research
    subjects by maximizing benefits while minimizing
    harms
  • Justice the distribution of the benefits,
    burdens, and risks of research should be
    equitable between societal groups

5
Informed consent
  • Nuremberg Code
  • . . . the voluntary consent of the human subject
    is absolutely essential.
  • Belmont Report
  • Respect for research participants
  • Research subjects must be given the opportunity
    to choose what shall or shall not happen to them

6
Informed consent (cont.)
  • Signed informed consent must be obtained from
    every research participant
  • However, it is a process, not just a form
  • The document should be thought of as a teaching
    tool, not as a legal instrument
  • The document must be written in lay language
    that is understandable to the people being asked
    to participate

7
Informed consent (cont.)
  • The consent document should explain
  • The purpose of the research
  • The benefits and risks
  • Confidentiality matters
  • A study contact person if questions arise
  • That participation is voluntary and subjects have
    the right to withdraw at any time
  • How adverse events are dealt with

8
Chiropractic philosophy and EBC
  • The foundation of chiropractic includes
    philosophy, science, art, knowledge, and clinical
    experience. The
    Chiropractic Paradigm The Association of
    Chiropractic Colleges
  • However, many chiropractors have a limited
    understanding of the concepts of philosophy

9
Philosophy and EBC (cont.)
  • Many chiropractors think of philosophy as it
    relates to their fundamental beliefs and
    underlying principles about the profession
  • Thus, one is said to have a philosophy of
    chiropractic
  • This perception only comprises a small part of
    the words complete definition

10
Philosophy definition
  1. The love and pursuit of wisdom by intellectual
    means and moral self-discipline
  2. Investigation of the nature, causes, or
    principles of reality, knowledge, or values,
    based on logical reasoning rather than empirical
    methods
  3. The critical analysis of fundamental assumptions
    or beliefs
  4. A set of ideas or beliefs relating to a
    particular field or activity an underlying
    theory
  5. A system of values by which one lives

11
Philosophy and dogma
  • A belief system taken to an extreme becomes
    dogma defined as
  • An authoritative principle, belief, or statement
    of ideas or opinion, especially one considered to
    be absolutely true
  • Dogmatic practitioners may be reluctant to
    acknowledge new information and change their
    practices in response

12
Dogmatism
  • The chiropractic profession at large is plagued
    with dogmatism that affects both sides of the
    political fence Seaman
  • Dogmatism is the principle barrier to a rational
    and unifying depiction of the role of
    chiropractors, as well as the furtherance of
    chiropractic science Keating

13
The solution for dogmatism
  • When used effectively, philosophy leads to a
    willingness to critically examine ones beliefs
  • Rather than being dogmatic, one should welcome
    new (better) evidence and try to incorporate it
    into patient care

14
EBC and philosophy are complementary
  • There are no sacrosanct truths in chiropractic
    that should never be questioned
  • Any conceivable chiropractic-related topic should
    be open for discussion
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