The first theory to gain public recognition and acceptance, especially in Europe and the Americas.

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Psychoanalysis

• The first theory to gain public recognition and
  acceptance, especially in Europe and the Americas.

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Sigmund Freud

• The person whose genius created psychoanalysis.
• Born in Freiburg, Austria, in 1856.
• As a psychiatrist, he initially used hypnosis as
  his primary form of treatment.
• Was impressed during medical school by how
  patients who relive painful experiences can work
  through emotional events suppressed for years.

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Sigmund Freud

• Began using a process called free association to
  help his patients remember long-forgotten
  important events and thoughts.
• Utilized free association to explore the
  unconscious minds of his patients.
• Began to stress the importance of the unconscious
  in understanding personality.
• Thus was born psychoanalysis.

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View of Human Nature/Personality

• The Freudian view of human nature is dynamic.
• The transformation and exchange of energy within
  the personality drives behavior.
• Freud focused his techniques on
• Levels of Consciousness (topographic)
• The formation of personality (structural)
• Id, Ego, Superego
• Psychosexual Development (genetic)
• Defense Mechanisms

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Levels of Consciousness

• For Freud, human nature can be explained in terms
  of
• A Conscious Mind
• A Preconscious Mind
• An Unconscious Mind

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Conscious Mind

• Attuned to events in the present and an awareness
  of the outside world.

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Preconscious Mind

• An area between the conscious mind and
  unconscious minds it contains aspects of both.
• Hidden memories or forgotten experiences can be
  remembered in this area if given the proper cues.

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Unconscious Mind

• Beneath the preconscious mind.
• The most powerful and least understood part of
  the personality.
• The instinctual, repressed, and powerful forces
  of the personality exist here.

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Formation of Personality

• Freud hypothesized that the personality is formed
  from the interaction of three developing
  strucutres.
• The Id confined to the unconscious
• The Ego operates primarily in the conscious but
  also in the preconscious and the unconscious.
• The Superego confined to the unconscious.

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The Id

• The id is the source of all energy.
• Comprises the basic inherited givens of the
  personality and is present from birth.
• It is amoral, impulsive, and irrational.
• Pleasure principle it pursues what it wants
  because it cannot tolerate tension.

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The Id

• The id contains
• Basic life energy and life-preserving instincts
  collectively known as eros.
• The psychic energy that accompanies them known as
  libido.
• Basic death instincts known as thanatos.

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Primary Process

• Operates through drives, instincts, and images
  (e.g. dreaming, hallucinating, and fantasizing)
  a process known as primary process.
• May bring temporary relief but ultimately
  unsatisfying.

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The Ego

• The second system to develop after the id and
  before the superego.
• A strong ego is essential to healthy functioning.
• Moderates the wishes and desires of the id and
  superego to keep the person from being too
  self-indulgent or too morally restrained.
• Reality principle it devises ways to achieve
  appropriate goals, obtain energy for activities
  from the id, and keep the person in harmony with
  the environment.

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Secondary Process

• The egos way of thinking is known as the
  secondary process.
• Rationally thinking through situations.

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The Superego

• It is the moral branch of the mind and operates
  according to what is ideal.
• Contrasts with the id.
• Functions according to the moral principle
  strives for perfection and arises from parental
  societal moral teachings.

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The Superego

• Ego Ideal rewards those who follow parental and
  societal dictates.
• Conscience part of the superego that punishes
  by inducing guilt when you act against what you
  have been taught.
• By striving for perfection, the superego
  sometimes forces a person into restrained or no
  action when facing a dilemma.

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Psychosexual Stages of Development

• Freud hypothesized that personality developed
  through a sequence or invariant stages. Most
  development occurs prior to age 6.
• Oral stage
• Anal stage
• Phallic stage
• Latency stage
• Genital stage
• Stages based on the location of id energy
• Appropriate gratification is key to healthy
  development
• Overindulgence or deprivation leads to fixation
  (id energy gets stuck)

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Oral Stage

• The first stage.
• Oral incorporative
• Oral aggressive
• Children up to 18 months.
• Obtain basic gratification from sucking and
  biting.

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Anal Stage

• The second stage.
• Children between the ages of 18 months ang 3
• Delight in either withholding or eliminating
  feces.
• First really significant conflict between the
  childs internal instincts and external demands.

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Phallic Stage

• The third stage.
• Children between the ages of 3 and 5 attempt to
  resolve their sexual identities.
• Members of both sexes must work through their
  sexual desires.
• Oedipus Complex / Electra Complex
• Freud thought that the basic ingredients of the
  adult personality had formed by the end of this
  stage.

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Oedipus Complex / Electra Complex

• Oedipus Complex a boy must work through a
  desire to possess his mother sexually.
• Castration anxiety
• Electra Complex a girl blames her mother for
  the fact that she has no penis.
• Penis envy

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Latency

• Children between the ages of 6 and 12.
• Energy is focused on peer activities and personal
  mastery of cognitive and learning and physical
  skills.
• Little manifest interest in sexuality.

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Genital Stage

• The fourth and final stage.
• If all has gone well, around puberty each gender
  takes more of an interest in the other and normal
  patterns of interaction appear.
• If there were unresolved difficulties in the
  first three stages (pregenital stages), Freud
  believed two difficulties could arise
• Excessive frustration
• Overindulgence

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Defense Mechanisms

• Protect a person from being overwhelmed by
  anxiety through adaptation to situations or
  through distortion or denial of events.
• Are normal and operate on an unconscious level.
• Fixation at different stages can result in
  different patterns of usage and emphasis

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Common Defense Mechanisms

• Repression
• Projection
• Reaction Formation
• Displacement
• Regression
• Rationalization
• Denial
• Identification

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Therapeutic Relationship

• Working alliance
• Rational non-neurotic part
• Neutrality is key
• Therapist is the expert
• Nonjudgmental stance
• Little self-disclosure
• Transference
• Most important aspect
• Countertransference

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Psychoanalytic Therapy

• CLIENTS EXPERIENCE
• Meet several times a week for years
• Agree to be active, talk
• Commit to interventions
• Terminate when problem is resolved
• Gain insight into self and environment

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Process and Techniques

• Change Processes
• Consciousness raising
• Insight
• Catharsis corrective emotional experience
• Techniques
• Free association
• Dream Analysis
• Analysis of Transference
• Analysis of Resistance
• Interpretation
• Working through

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Goals

• Help clients become more aware of the unconscious
  aspects of their personalities.
• Make the unconscious conscious
• Work through unresolved developmental stages.
• Cope with the demands of society.
• Engage more maturely in love and work
• Increase expression of genital personality

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Strengths and Contributions

• Emphasizes importance of sexuality and
  unconscious.
• Reflects complexity of human nature.
• Has developed over years, not stagnated.
• Stresses importance of developmental growth
  stages. Comprehensive personality theory.
• Transference/Counter transference
• Defense mechanisms
• Learning from personal past

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Limitations and Criticisms

• Time consuming and expensive.
• Difficulty with older clients.
• Claimed almost exclusively by psychiatry.
• Overly complicated terminology.
• Deterministic.
• Requires much therapist training
• Therapist in control/charge of session
• Not much focus on behavior/cognition

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Psychoanalytic Therapy

• MODERN PSYCHOANALYTICALLY ORIENTED THERAPISTS
• No couch
• Fewer sessions
• More self-disclosure by therapist
• More work with real issues than projected
  material and dreams