Seeing Networks

1
Seeing Networks

• Barry Wellman, NetLab
• Department of Sociology
• University of Toronto
• wellman_at_chass.utoronto.ca

2
The Turn to Networked Individualism

• Functioning in Encompassing , Densely-Knit,
  Bounded Groups ?
• Fragmented, Sparsely-Knit , Permeable
  Specialized Networks
• MyFace (sic) is only the most media-hyped aspect

3
The Triple Revolution

• The Internet Revolution
• The Mobile (Connectivity) Revolution
• The (Social) Network Revolution

4
The Internet Revolution

• Builds on and Reinforces the Network Revolution
• Instant Access to Diverse, Copious Information
• If You Know Much to Look
• Rapid, Low-Cost Communication
• Distance, Time Much Less of a Constraint
• Email as Frequent with Ties 3K km 3 km
• Yet most ties are local people have bodies!
• Supports Larger Networks
• Increasing Volume and Velocity of Info Comm

5
Social Affordances of New Forms of
Computer-Mediated Connectivity

• Bandwidth
• Ubiquity Anywhere, Anytime
• Convergence Any Media Accesses All
• Portability Especially Wireless
• Globalized Connectivity
• Personalization

6
Mobile Revolution

• The Newest
• Information Communication Available
• Wherever You Are
• Wherever You Go
• Always On, Always Connected
• Multiple Venues of Connectivity
• Social Venues
• Physical Venues home, work, Starbucks

7
The Network Revolution

• The Subject of Our Talk
• Actually Came First
• We Think of Groups We Function in Networks
• No longer densely-knit
• Fragmented people switch maneuver among nets
• Specialized role relationships
• Social capital from boutiques not general
  stores
• Premium on individual agency, rather than letting
  the group do it
• Find your own information no more 2-step flow
• Maneuver/manipulate thru your networks.

8
Traditional Ways of Looking at Social
Interactions

• Individuals as Aggregates of Attributes
• All Possess One or More Properties as an
  Aggregate of Individuals
• Examples Sex, Education, Bank, Rich Countries
• Groups
• (Almost) All Densely-Knit Within Tight Boundary
• Thought of as a Solidary Unit (Really a Special
  Network)
• Family, Workgroup, Community, Association, Soviet
  Bloc

9
The Network Approach

• Network
• Set of Connected Units People, Organizations,
  Networks
• Relations Direct relations or common
  affiliations
• Talking, cheating, working together, trade,
  liking, partnership, citation, disease
  transmission, marriage, travel
• Can Belong to Multiple Networks
• Examples Friendship, Organizational,
  Inter-Organizational, World-System, Internet

10
Nodes, Relationships Ties

• Nodes A Unit That Possibly is Connected
• Individuals, Households, Workgroups,Organizations,
  States
• Relationships (A Specific Type of Connection) A
  Role Relationship
• Gives Emotional Support
• Sends Money To
• Attacks
• Ties (One or More Relationships)
• Friendship (with possibly many relationships)
• Affiliations (Person Organization)
• Works for IBM INSNA Member Football Team
• One-Mode, Two-Mode Networks

11
Social Network Analysis

• The Analysis of Networks! Simple enough, eh?
• But network analysis implies a new perspective
  for understanding social behavior
• Not a method, a cognitive perspective that has
  developed methods for applying that perspective
  to empirical research

12
The Social Network Perspective

• Relations, not attributes
• No independence!
• Dyadic relations operate in the context of
  broader social structures

13
Networks Before Network-ing

• Original ideas in the early 1900s Georg Simmel
• First research in the 1930s J.L. Moreno
• Modern Era of theory/research mid 1960s
  Harrison White, etc.
• International Network for Social Network Analysis
  founded at U of Toronto, 1976
• Email in late 1980s
• Networking software (Facebook) in this decade

14
Networks, Not Groups

• Groups are a short-hand for special kinds of
  networks cohesive, densely-knit
  tightly-bounded
• Group binary membership status
• Network varied levels of embeddededness,
  variable knit, often loosely bounded
• Networks can comprehend multiple memberships
  commitments, as well as conflicting interests

15
A Network is More Than The Sum of Its Ties

• A Network Consists of One or More Nodes
• Could be Persons, Organizations, Groups, Nations
• Connected by One or More Ties
• Could be One or More Relationships
• That Form Distinct, Analyzable Patterns
• Can Study Patterns of Relationships OR Ties
• Emergent Properties (Simmel vs. Homans)

16
Relations, Not Attributes

• Behavior of actors is best explained by
• Position of actors in patterns of relations
• Not the attributes of actors (sex, SES,
  ethnicity)
• Although attributes may be correlated with
  positions
• for example, central high-status white men

17
Dyads are Influenced by Network Context

• In a sentence
• To Discover How A, Who is in Touch with B and C,
  Is Affected by the Relation Between B C John
  Barnes, British sociologist, anthropologist, 1970s

18
The Multiple Ways of Network Analysis

• Method The Most Visible Manifestation
• Misleading to Confuse Appearance with Reality
• Data Gathering
• Theory Pattern Matters
• Substance
• Community, Organizational, Inter-Organizational,
  Terrorist, World System, Web
• As an Add-On
• Add a Few Network Measures to a Study
• Integrated Approach
• A Way of Looking at the World
• Theory, Data Collection, Data Analysis,
  Substantive Analysis
• Links to Structural Analyses in Other Disciplines

19
The Social Network Approach

• The world is composed of networks - not
  densely-knit, tightly-bounded groups
• Networks provide flexible means of social
  organization and of thinking about social
  organization
• Networks have emergent properties of structure
  and composition
• Networks are a major source of social capital
  mobilizable in themselves and from their contents
• Networks are self-shaping and reflexive
• Networks scale up to networks of networks

20
How Do Network Analysts Explain Things?

• Some dont. Pure formalists discovering
  structure
• How structure affects outcomes
• Sparsely knit networks provide a greater variety
  of resources
• Structure as providing constraints and
  opportunities manuverability of multiple
  clusters
• Structure matters more than individual attributes
• Structure helps explain individual motivations

21
No Explanations, Just Structure

• Structure for the pure joy of Structure
  formalists
• Small-group networks (not popular anymore)
• Small-world networks
• Power-law networks scale free
• How many friends do your friends have?

22
Explanation by Structure Alone

• Understanding of motivation not necessary to
  explain outcomes
• Harrison White chains of opportunity (vacancy
  chains)
• Jobs, homes

23
Structure as Constraint Opportunity

• People pursue their goals within structure
• Structure provides opportunities to pursue
  goals constraints on action
• e.g., Ron Burts Structural Holes

24
Structural vs Other Explanations

• Determine how much variation is accounted for by
  structure and how much by other explanations
• e.g., Beverly Wellman Pathways to Back Care
• How people find alternative health care providers

25
Structure as Source of Motivations

• People catch peferences, goals, motivations,
  etc from their networks
• Epidemiology attitudes to birth control AIDs
• Two methods
• Cohesion from those to whey are connected
• E.g., Poison Pills and Golden Parachutes
• Equivalence From those in similar network
  positions
• Citation studies White, Wellman Nazer Matzat

26
Changing Connectivity Groups to Networks

• Densely Knit gt Sparsely-Knit
• Impermeable (Bounded) gt Permeable
• Broadly-Based Solidarity gt Specialized Multiple
  Foci

27
Characteristics of a Networked Society

• Multiplicity of specialized relations
• Management by networks
• More alienation, more maneuverability
• Loosely-coupled organizations / societies
• Less centralized
• The networked society

28
Little Boxes Door-to-Door

• Old Workgroups/ Communities Based on
  Propinquity, Kinship
• Pre-Industrial Villages, Wandering Bands
• All Observe and Interact with All
• Deal with Only One Group
• Knowledge Comes Only From Within the Group and
  Stays Within the Group

29
Little Boxes
GloCalization
Networked Individualism
BW, From Physical Place to Cyber Place, Intl J
of Urban Regional Research, 2001
30
Place To Place GloCalization

• (Phones, Networked PCs, Airplanes, Expressways,
  RR, Transit)
• Home, Office Important Contexts,
• Not Intervening Space
• Ramified Sparsely Knit Not Local Solidarities
• Not neighborhood-based
• Not densely-knit with a group feeling
• Partial Membership in Multiple Workgroups/
  Communities
• Often Based on Shared Interest
• Connectivity Beyond Neighborhood, Work Site
• Household to Household /
• Work Group to Work Group
• Domestication, Feminization of Community
• Deal with Multiple Groups
• Knowledge Comes From Internal External Sources
• Glocalization Globally Connected, Locally
  Invested

31
Person To Person Networked Individualism

• (Cell Phones, Wireless Computing)
• Little Awareness of Context
• Individual, Not Household or Work Group
• Personalized Networking
• Tailored Media Interactions
• Private Desires Replace Public Civility
• Less Caring for Strangers, Fewer Weak Ties
• Online Interactions Linked with Offline
• Dissolution of the Internal All Knowledge is
  External

32
Role To Role

• Tailored Communication Media
• Little Awareness of Whole Person
• Portfolios of Specialized Relationships
• Boutiques, not Variety Stores
• Cycling among Specialized
• Communities / Work Groups
• Role-Based Media Interactions
• Management by Network

33
The Fishbowl Group Office
(Little Boxes)

• All Work Together in Same Room
• All Visible to Each Another
• All have Physical Access to Each Other
• All can see when a Person is Interruptible
• All can see when One Person is with Another
• No Real Secrets
• No Secret Meetings
• Anyone can Observe Conversations Decide to Join
• Little Alert to Others Approaching

34

• Neighbors have Hi Visual Aural Awareness
• Limited Number of Participants
• Densely-Knit (most directly connected)
• Tightly Bounded (most interactions within group)
• Frequent Contact
• Recurrent Interactions
• Long-Duration Ties
• Cooperate for Clear, Collective purposes
• Sense of Group Solidarity (name, collective
  identity)
• Social Control by Supervisor Group

35
The Switchboard Network OfficeNetworked
Individualism

• Each Works Separately
• Office Doors Closable for Privacy
• Glass in Doors Indicate Interruptibility
• If Doors Locked, Must Knock
• If Doors Open, Request Admission
• Difficult to learn if Person is Dealing with
  Others Unless Door is Open
• Large Number of Potential Interactors
• Average Person knows gt 1,000
• Strangers Friends of Friends May also be
  Contacted

36

• Sparsely-Knit
• Most Dont Know Each Other
• Or Not Aware of Mutual Contact
• No Detailed Knowledge of Indirect Ties
• Loosely-Bounded
• Many Different People Contacted
• Many Different Workplaces
• Can Link with Outside Organizations
• Each Functions Individually
• Collective Activities Transient, Shifting Sets
• Subgroups, Cleavages, Secrets Can Develop

37
Little Boxes ? Ramified Networks

• Each in its Place ? Mobility of People
  and Goods
• United Family ? Serial Marriage, Mixed
  Custody
• Shared Community ? Multiple, Partial
  Personal Nets
• Neighborhoods ? Dispersed Networks
• Voluntary Organizations ? Informal Leisure
• Face-to-Face ? Computer-Mediated
  Communication
• Public Spaces ? Private Spaces
• Focused Work Unit ? Multiple Teams
• Hierarchical Org. ? Networked Organization
• Job in a Company ? Career in a Profession
• Autarky ? Outsourcing
• Office, Factory ? Airplane, Internet,
  Cellphone
• Ascription ? Achievement
• Conglomerates ? Virtual Organizations/Allian
  ces
• Cold War Blocs ? Fluid, Transitory
  Alliances

38
Ways of Looking at Networks

• Whole Networks Personal Networks
• Focus on the System or on the Set of Individuals
• Graphs Matrices
• We dream in graphs
• We analyze in matrices

39
Network Data

• Observation
• Archival
• Name Generators/Interpreters
• Position Generators
• Resource Generators

40
What Do Network Data Look Like?

• Most quantitative data one row per unit, with
  variables representing unit's attributes

• Network data data about relations between units
• We dream in graphs we analyze in matrices

41
Whole Social Networks

• Comprehensive Set of Role Relationships in an
  Entire Social System
• Analyze Each Role Relationship Can Combine
• Composition Women Heterogeneity Weak Ties
• Structure Pattern of Ties
• Village, Organization, Kinship, Enclaves,
  World-System
• Copernican Airplane View
• Typical Methods Cliques, Blocks, Centrality,
  Flows
• Examples (1) What is the Real Structure of an
  Organization?
• (2) How Does Information Flow Through a Village?

42
Whole Networks vs. Ego Networks

• Personal Networks the network surrounding one
  person (node)
• Person tied with Alters
• Alters characteristics
• Connections between alters
• Normally collected for multiple Egos
• Whole Networks Network of a particular setting
  or population. Bird's eye view of network, not
  focused on one person

43
Network Graphs
Whole
Person
44
Costs of Whole Network Analysis

• Requires a Roster of Entire Population
• Requires (Imposition of) a Social Boundary
• This May Assume What You Want to Find
• Hard to Handle Missing Data
• Needs Special Analytic Packages
• Becoming Easier to Use

45
Duality of Persons Groups

• People Link Groups
• Groups Link People
• An Interpersonal Net is an Interorganizational
  Net
• Ronald Breiger 1973

46
The Dualities of Persons and Groups -- Graphs
47
Network Size Matters

• (Robert) Metcalfes Law (Xerox PARC, 1973)
• For every network member added
• The number of possible ties grows by N2
• 10 people gt 102 possible ties 100
• (David) Reeds Law (MIT emeritus, 1997)
• For every network member added
• The number of possible (sub)groups grows by 2N
• 10 people gt 210 possible groups 1,024
• Not only does Reed give a higher number than
  Metcalf
• The disparity increases greatly as N increases
• However, many of these subgroups are very similar

48
Personal Social Networks

• Ptolemaic Ego-Centered View
• Good for Unbounded Networks
• Often Uses Survey Research
• Example (1) Do Densely-Knit Networks Provide
  More Support? (structure)
• (2) Do More Central People Get More Support?
• (network)
• (2) Do Women Provide More Support? (composition)
• (3) Do Face-to-Face Ties Provide More Support
  Than Internet Ties? (relational)
• (4) Are People More Isolated Now? (ego)

49
Network Size The Myopia of Bowling Alone
40 30 20 10 0
Very
Somewhat
50
Social Network Analysis More Flavors

• Diffusion of Information ( Viruses)
• Flows Through Systems
• Organizational Analyses
• Real Organization
• Knowledge Acquisition Management
• Inter-Organizational Analysis
• Is There a Ruling Elite
• Strategies, Deals
• Networking How People Network
• As a Strategy
• Unconscious Behavior
• Are There Networking Personality Types?

51
Branching Out (II)

• Social Movements
• World-Systems Analyses
• Cognitive Networks
• Citation Networks
• Co-Citation
• Inter-Citation
• Applied Networks
• Terrorist Networks
• Corruption Networks
• Web Networks

52
Multilevel AnalysisStudying Emergent Properties

• Switching and Combining Levels
• Individual Agency, Dyadic Dancing, Network
  Facilitation Emergent Properties
• Consider Wider Range of Theories
• Disentangles ( Avoids Nagging Confounding)
• Tie Effects
• Network Effects
• Contingent (Cross-Level) Effects
• Interactions
• Addresses Emergent Properties
• Fundamental Sociological Issue
• Simmel vs. Homans

53
Multilevel Analysis Tie Effects

• Tie Strength Stronger is More Supportive
• Workmates Provide More Everyday Support
• (Multilevel Discovered This)

54
Multilevel Analysis Network Effects

• Network Size
• Not Only More Support from Entire Network
• More Probability of Support from Each Network
  Member
• Mutual Ties (Reciprocity)
• Those Who Have More Ties with Network Members
  Provide More Support
• Cross-Level Effect Stronger (and Attenuates)
• Dyadic (Tie-Level) Effect
• Its Contribution to the Network, Not the Alter

55
Multilevel AnalysisCross-Level, Interaction
Effects

• Kinship
• No longer a solidary system
• Parent-(Adult) Child Interaction
• More Support From Each When gt 1 Parent-Child Tie
• Single P-C Tie 34
• 2 P-C Ties, Probability of Support from Each 54

56
The Internet in Everyday Life

• Computer Networks as Social Networks
• Key Questions
• Community On and Off line
• Networked Life before the Internet
• Netville The Wired Suburb
• Large Web Surveys National Geographic
• Work On and Off line
• Towards Networked Individualism, or
• The Retreat to Little Boxes

57
Research Questions

1. Ties Does the Internet support all types of
   ties?
2. Weak and Strong?
3. Instrumental and Socio-Emotional?
4. Online-Only or Using Internet Other Media (F2F,
   Phone)?
5. Social Capital Has the Internet increased,
   decreased, or multiplied contact at work, in
   society?
6. Interpersonally Locally
7. Interpersonally Long Distance
8. Organizationally
9. GloCalization Has the map of the world dissolved
   so much that distance does not matter? Has the
   Internet brought spatial and social peripheries
   closer to the center?

58
Research Questions (contd)

• Structure Does the Internet facilitate working
  in loosely-coupled networks rather than dense,
  tight groups?
• Knowledge Management How do people find and
  acquire usable knowledge in networked and virtual
  organizations

59
Research Questions re Memes

• Do Memes Preferentially Spread Locally?
• i.e., Does Face-to-Face Communication still
  Pay-Off?
• Do Fragmented Networks ? Localized Memes?
• How Do Memes Facilitate Within-Net Cross-Net
  Connectivity?
• Has Trust Declined with Multiple Venues Lower
  Interpersonal Bandwidth

60
Summary Local Social Capital

• Multiplied Number Range of Neighbors
• Evidence Netville
• Increased Contact with Existing Neighbors
  Email Adds On to Same Levels of F2F, Phone
• Evidence National Geographic, Berkeley,
  Netville?
• Demand for Local Information
• Evidence Netville, Berkeley, Small City Study

61
Summary Long Distance Ties

• Increased Contact with Long Distance Ties
  Email Adds On to Same Levels of F2F, Phone1.
  Friends More than Kin2. Long-Distance Ties More
  than Local3. Post Used Only for Rituals
  (Birthdays, Christmas)
• Evidence National Geographic, Netville

62
Summary Long Distance Ties

• Increased Contact with Long Distance Ties
  Email Adds On to Same Levels of F2F, Phone1.
  Friends More than Kin2. Long-Distance Ties More
  than Local3. Post Used Only for Rituals
  (Birthdays, Christmas)
• Evidence National Geographic, Netville

63
Summary The GloCalization Paradox

• Surf and Email Globally
• Stay Wired at Office/Home to be Online
• Desire for Local/Distant Services and Information
  
• Internet Supplements/Augments F2F
• Doesnt Replace It
• Rarely Used Exclusively
• Media Choice? By Any Means Available
• Many Emails are Local Within the Workgroup
  or Community
• Local Becomes Just Another Interest
• Evidence Netville, National Geographic, Small
  Cities, Berkeley, Netting Scholars, Cerise,
  Indigo, Telework

64
Summary Social Network Structure

• Internet Aids Both Direct Indirect Connections
• Knowledge Acquisition Management
• Accessing Friends of Friends
• Forwarding Folding In Making Indirect Ties
  Direct Ties
• Social and Spatial Peripheries Closer to the
  Center
• Shift from Spatial Propinquity to Shared
  Interests
• Shifting, Fluid Structures
• Networked, Long-Distance Coordination Reports

65
Conclusions Changing Connectivity

• By Any Means Available
• Door-to-Door gt Place-to-Place gt
  Person-to-Person Connectivity
• Less Solidary Households
• Dual Careers
• Multiple Schedules
• Multiple Marriages
• New Forms of Community
• Partial Membership in Multiple Communities
• Networked Virtual Work Relationships

66
ConclusionsRole-to-Role Relationships

• Partial Communities of Shared, Specialized
  Interest
• Importance of Informal Network Capital
• Production
• Reproduction
• Externalities
• Bridging and Bonding Ties

67
ConclusionsHow a Network Society Looks

• Multiplicity of Specialized Relations
• Management by Networks
• More Uncertainty, More Maneuverability
• Boutiques, not General Stores
• Less Palpable than Traditional Solidarities
• Need Navigation Tools
• An Electronic Group is Virtually a Social
  Network." Pp. 179-205 in Culture of the Internet,
  edited by Sara Kiesler. Mahwah, NJ Lawrence
  Erlbaum, 1997.

68
Conclusions Shift to New Kinds Of Community
Workgroups

• Partial Membership in Multiple Networks
• Multiple Reports
• Long-Distance Relationships
• Transitory Work Relationships
• Each Person Operates Own Network
• Online Interactions Linked with Offline
• Status, Power, Social Characteristics Important
• Sparsely-Knit Fewer Direct Connections Than
  Door-To-Door -- Need for Institutional Memory
  Knowledge Management
• IKNOW (Nosh Contractor) Network Tracer
• ContactMap (Bonnie Nardi Steve Whittaker)
  Network Accumulator

69
Conclusions The Rise of Networked Individualism

• Individual Agency Constrained by Nets
• Personalization rather than Group Behavior
• Interpersonal Ties Dancing Dyadic Duets
• Bandwidth
• Sparsely-Knit, Physically-Dispersed Ties
• Social Networks
• Multiple, Ad Hoc
• Wireless Portability

70
Three Modes of InteractionSocial Structure
Phenomena Little Boxes Glocalization Networked Individualism
Metaphor Fishbowl Core-Periphery Switchboard
Unit of Analysis Village, Band, Shop, Office Household, Work, Unit, Multiple Networks Networked Individual
Social Organization Groups Home Bases Network of Networks Networked Individualism
Era Traditional Contemporary Emerging
71
Boundaries
Phenomena Little Boxes Glocalization Net. Individualism
Physical Context Dominance of immediate context Relevance of immediate context Ignorance of immediate context
Modality Door-to-Door Place-to-Place Person-to-Person
Predominant Mode of Communication Face-to-Face Wired phoneInternet Mobile phone, Wireless modem
Spatial Range Local GloCal Local Global Global
Locale All in common household and work spaces Common household and work spaces for core external periphery External
Awareness and Availability All visible and audible to all High awareness of availability Core immediately visible, audible Little awareness of others availability -- must be contacted Little awareness of availability Must be contacted Visibility and audibility must be negotiated
Access Control Doors wide open to in-group membersWalled off from othersExternal gate guarded Doors ajar within and between networks Look, knock and ask Doors closed Access to others by requestKnock and ask
Physical Access All have immediate access to all Core have immediate accessContacting others requires a journey or telecommunications Contact requires a journey or telecommunications
Permeability Impermeable wall around unit Household and workgroup have strong to weak outside connections Individual has strong to weak connections
72
Boundaries (continued)
Phenomena Little Boxes Glocalization Net. Individualism
Interruptibility High (Open Door) Norm of Interruption Mixed Core interruptibleOthers require deliberate requestsAnswering machineKnocking on door that may be ajar or closedNorm of Interruption within immediate network only Low Contact must be requested May be avoided or refusedPrioritizing voice mailInternet filterKnocking on door that may be ajar or closedNorm of interruption within immediate network only
Observability High All can see when other group members are interacting Mixed Core can observe core Periphery cannot observe core or interactions with other network members Low Interactions with other network members rarely visible
Privacy Low information control Few secretsStatus/Position becomes important capital Low information controlFew secrets for coreVariable information control for peripheryMaterial resources and network connections become important capital High information controlMany secrets Information and ties become important capital
Joining In Anyone can observe interactionsAnyone can join Interactions outside the core rarely observable Difficult to join Interactions rarely observable Difficult to join
Alerts Little awareness of others approaching Open, unlocked doors High prior awareness of peripherys desire to interact Telephone ring, doorbell High prior awareness of others desire to interactFormal requests
73
Interpersonal Interactions
Phenomena Little Boxes Glocalization Net. Individualism
Predominant Basis of Interaction Ascription (What you are born into) e.g., Gender, ethnicity Protect Your Base Before You Attack (attributed to Mao) Free agent
Frequency of Contact High within group Moderate within core Low to moderate outside of core Variable, low with most Moderate overall
Recurrency Recurrent interactions within group Recurrent interactions within core Intermittent with each network member Low with most others Moderate overall
Duration Long duration tiescradle-to-grave employed for life Long duration for household core (except for divorce) Short duration otherwise Short duration ties
Domesticity Cradle-to-graveMom and DadDick and Jane Long-term partners Serial monogamy Dick lives with divorced parent Changing partners Living together Singles Single parents Nanny cares for Jane
Scheduling Drop-In anytime Drop-in within household, work coreAppointments otherwise Scheduled appointments
Transaction Speed Slow Variable in core Fast in periphery Fast
Autonomy Proactivity Low autonomyHigh reactivity Mixed Autonomy within household work coresHigh proactivity autonomy with others High autonomy High proactivity
Tie Maintenance Group maintains ties Core groups maintain internal ties Other ties must be actively maintained Ties must be actively maintained, one-by-one
Predictability Predictability, certainty and security within group interactions Moderate predictability, certainty and security within core Interactions with others less predictable, certain and secure Unpredictability, uncertainty, insecurity, contingency, opportunity
Latency Leaving is betrayal Re-Entry difficult Ability to reestablish relationships quickly with network members not seen in years Ability to reestablish relationships quickly with network members not seen in years
74
Social Networks
Phenomena Little Boxes Glocalization Net. Individualism
of Social Circles Few Household, kin, work Multiple Core household, work unit Multiple sets of friends, kin, work associates, neighbors Multiple Dyadic or network ties with household, work unit, friends, kin, work associates, neighbors
Maneuverability Little choice of social circles Choice of core and other social circles Choice of social circles
Trust Building Enforced by group Betrayal of one is betrayal of all Core enforces trust Networked members depend on cumulative reciprocal exchanges and ties with mutual others Dependent on cumulative reciprocal exchanges and ties with mutual others
Social Support Broad (multistranded) Broad household and work core Specialized kin, friends, other work Specialized
Social Integration By groups only Cross-cutting ties between networks integrate societyCore is the common hub Cross-cutting ties between networks integrate society
Cooperation Group cooperationJoint activity for clear, collective purposes Core cooperation Otherwise short-term alliances, tentatively reinforced by trust building and ties with mutual others Independent schedules Transient alliances with shifting sets of others
Knowledge All aware of most information Information open to all within unit Secret to outsiders Core Knows Most Things Variable awareness of and access to what periphery knows Variable awareness of and access to what periphery knows
Social Control Superiors and group exercise tight control Moderate control by core household and workgroup, with some spillover to interactions with periphery Fragmented control within specialized networks Adherence to norms must be internalized by individuals Subgroups, cleavages Partial, fragmented control within specialized networksAdherence to norms must be internalized by individuals
Resources Conserves resources Acquires resources for core units Acquires resources for self
Basis of Success Getting along Position within group Getting alongPosition within core Networking NetworkingFilling structural holes between networks
75
Norms and Perceptions
Phenomena Little Boxes Glocalization Net. Individualism
Socialization Obey group elders Obey your parents cherish your spouse nurture your childrenDefer to your boss work and play well with colleagues and friends Develop strategies and tactics for self-advancement
Sense of Solidarity High group solidarityCollective identityCollective name Moderate solidarity within core household and workgroup, Vitiated by many ties to multiple peripheries Sense of being an autonomous individualFuzzy identifiable networks
Loyalty Particularistic High group loyalty Public and private spheres Moderate loyalty to home base takes precedence over weak loyalty elsewhere SelfGlobal weak and divided loyalties
Conflict Handling Revolt, coupIrrevocable departure Back-bitingKeeping distance AvoidanceExit
Commitment to Net Members High within groups High within core Variable elsewhere Variable
Zeitgeist Communitarian Conflicted Existential
76
Thanks for the Meme-ories
Barry Wellman