C6.2

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C6.2 From Republic to Empire
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II. Rome Becomes an Empire
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A. The First Triumvirate

• 60 BC - Caesar and two other generals,
• Gnaeus Pompey and Licinius Crassus, formed
• the First Triumvirate

Gnaeus Pompey 106 - 48 BC
Julius Caesar 100 - 44 BC
Licinius Crassus 115 BC 53 BC
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A. The First Triumvirate

• Crassus died Caesar defeated Pompey in a
• civil war named dictator for life in 44 BC

Julius Caesar and the Crossing of the Rubicon
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The Period from 44BC- 28bc

• Formation and breakdown of the Second
  Triumvirate power vacuum left by Caesars death,
  candidates for power, Senate response, fate of
  the assassins
• Role of Significant individuals Octavian ,
  Antony, Cicero, Cleopatra, Fulvia and Octavia

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• Landless Roman Peasants
• Served in the armies that
• had won an empire
• Wanted farmland and a minimum
• standard of living

• Italian Allies
• Served in the armies that
• had won an empire
• Wanted citizenship and equal
• Treatment

• Senate
• - Intense rivalries
• Jealously protected
• privileges and power
• Did not address needs for
• reform

• Equites
• Wealthy and distinguished non-senators
• Wanted honors and recognition and did
• not want senators to look down on them

• Roman Plebs
• Laborers and poor of the capital
• Access to grain and bread at
• affordable prices

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The Power Vacuum

• The legacy of Julius Caesars death was the
  political vacuum that was left after the Ides of
  March.
• Caesars series of dictatorships and the many
  titles and honors granted by the Senate had
  effectively dismantled the mechanism of
  government. Free elections had not been held
  since 49BC
• Whoever was to fill the vacuum would need wealth
  and a loyal army.

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Octavian and AntonyHeirs apparent?As
individuals what do they have and what do they
lack to take up the mantle of Caesar?
OCTAVIAN Sources of power NAME OF
CAESAR Patrician birth Clientale Loyal
army Wealth?

• MARK ANTONY
• SOURCES OF POWER
• In possession of CaesarS will
• Consul for 44BC
• Loyalty of veterans
• From the Civil War

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B. The Second Triumvirate

• 43 BC - Octavian, Marc Antony, and Lepidus
• seized power formed the Second Triumvirate

Marc Antony 83 BC 30 BC
Lepidus 90 BC - 13 BC
Octavian 63 BC - AD 14
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B. The Second Triumvirate

• Lepidus forced out Antony and Octavian
• each governed half the empire

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B. The Second Triumvirate

• 31 BC - Civil war between Octavian and Antony
• Octavian defeated Antony and Egypts Cleopatra

The Battle of Actium
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B. The Second Triumvirate

• Cleopatra, Antony committed suicide Octavian
• controlled Rome republic ended, beginning a
• new period in Roman history

Antony and Cleopatra
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C. From Octavian to Augustus

• Octavian called himself princeps, government
• called Principate new political order emerged
• the empire

Augustus (63 B.C. AD 14) First Roman Emperor
(27 BC - AD 14) He subjected the whole wide
earth to the rule of the Roman people
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C. From Octavian to Augustus

• 27 BC - Senate gave Octavian title of Augustus,
• the revered one

Birth name Gaius Octavius Thurinus Name as
Emperor Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus
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D. The Augustan Age

• Ruled 40 years, power divided between him
• and Senate conquests expanded the empire
• and brought peace Pax Romana

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D. The Augustan Age

• Life in Rome improved period of cultural
• creativity, greatest writers in Roman history
• Horace, Ovid, Livy, and Virgil

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E. The Emperors

• AD 14 - Augustus died empire ruled by
• Caesars relatives next 54 years the Julio-
• Claudian Emperors

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E. The Emperors

• Abilities varied Tiberius a good soldier and
• ruler Caligula brutal, mentally unstable Nero,
• last Julio-Claudian, committed suicide in AD 68

Nero (54-68 A.D.)
Caligula (37 to 41)
Tiberius (A.D. 14-37)
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E. The Emperors

• After Nero, civil wars raged in Rome four
• military leaders ruled in AD 69 last was
• Vespasian

Titus Flavius Caesar Vespasianus Augustus (AD 9
AD 79
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E. The Emperors

• 69 to 96 AD - Vespasian re-established order
• stability returned under the Flavians - Vespasian
  
• and his two sons

The Flavian family, Vespasian and his sons Titus
and Domitian, depicted in The Triumph of Titus
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E. The Emperors

• AD 96 reign of the Good Emperors began five
• rulers who governed Rome almost a century

The Five Good Emperors - Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian,
Antoninus Pius, and Marcus Aurelius
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E. The Emperors

• Empire grew under the Good Emperors
• reached limits of expansion under Trajan

Aureus issued by Trajan to celebrate the conquest
of Parthia
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E. The Emperors

• Hadrian thought empire too large, withdrew from
• the east built defensive fortifications as guard
  
• against invasions

Hadrian's Wall in northern England
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Hadrian
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A. Government

• Government strongest unifying force in empire
• maintained order, enforced laws, defended
• frontiers

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A. Government

• Empire divided into provinces ruled by
• governors appointed and monitored by Rome

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B. Laws, Trade, Transportation

• Law unified the empire specified crimes and
• penalties applied to everyone in empire - the
• Rule of Law

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B. Laws, Trade, Transportation

• Agriculture remained primary occupation
• tenant farmers began replacing slaves on large
• farms

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B. Laws, Trade, Transportation

• Manufacturing increased produced everything
• from cheap pottery to worlds finest goods

Ancient Roman drinking vessels, bowls and jars
Ancient glassware from the Roman era
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B. Laws, Trade, Transportation

• Imported grain, meat, raw materials from
• provinces Rome and Alexandria became
• commercial centers

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B. Laws, Trade, Transportation

• Commercial activity possible because of
• empires location and extensive (about 50,000
• mile) road network