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Late Adulthood

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12 Late Adulthood Problems in obtaining work related to stereotypes related to age * Mention impact of cognitively challenging tasks * * * Expand on globalization ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Late Adulthood


1
12
  • Late Adulthood

2
Physical Development
3
Cultural Beliefs about Late Adulthood
  • Perception of late adulthood
  • Asian, African, and Latin cultures have favorable
    view
  • Western culture views becoming favorable
  • Still combat some ageism

4
Cultural Beliefs about Late Adulthood
  • Substages of late adulthood
  • Young-Old65-74
  • Old-Old75-84
  • Oldest-Old85 and up

5
Cultural Beliefs about Late Adulthood
  • Perception of late adulthood
  • Each substage is different regarding physical,
    cognitive, and social functioning

6
Cultural Beliefs about Late Adulthood
  • Differ in performing activities of daily living
    (ADLs) and reported health
  • 1/3 of people over 80 say health is good
  • Less than ½ of 85-89 year olds have a disability
  • Functional age may be better concept to use than
    chronological age

7
Global Aging Pattern
  • Old-Age Dependency Ratio (OADR)
  • Number of persons aged 65 or older
    Number of persons aged 20-64 
  • Bottom number represent work force who pay into
    government

8
Global Aging Pattern
  • Top number represents those not in workforce but
    receive government benefits
  • OADR increase means more people receiving
    benefits and not enough paying in to cover

9
Global Aging Pattern
  • Reasons for climbing OADR
  • Birth rate peaked (represent workforce)
  • Medical care increases longevity
  • Some gender differences in life expectancy

10
Physical Changes
  • Hair continues to gray and thin
  • Bones thin especially in women
  • Age spots developsun exposure hastens
    development
  • Height and weight decline
  • Teeth yellow
  • Exercise and healthy diet can slow some
    appearance changes

11
Changes in Senses
  • Vision
  • Reduced visual acuity
  • Cataracts
  • Most common visual impairment
  • Increased chance of Macular Degeneration
  • Increased chance of Glaucoma

12
Changes in Senses
13
Changes in Senses
  • Hearing
  • Acuity diminishes for high-pitched sounds
  • May develop tinnitus
  • Can lead to social isolation
  • Taste and smell
  • Decline in taste and smell can make food less
    enjoyable
  • Dangerous smells not detected

14
Physical ChangesChanges in Sleep
  • Quality of sleep declines with age
  • Sleep less deeply
  • Time in light sleep increases
  • Sleep Apnea common sleep problem
  • Can be treated with CPAP device
  • Psychological issues can also impair sleep
  • Depression, anxiety, and medical conditions

15
Health in Late AdulthoodChronic Health Problems
  • Common health issues are arthritis osteoporosis,
    and hypertension
  • Arthritisdisease of the joints
  • Cartilage that cushions joints wear out
  • Women affected more than men
  • Management involves medication, inserting new
    joints and/or exercise

16
Health in Late AdulthoodChronic Health Problems
  • Osteoporosis
  • Increased risk for broken bones
  • Exercise and calcium-rich diet for treatment
  • Hypertension
  • Secondary aging makes condition worsen
  • Diet and medications are treatment options

17
Health in Late AdulthoodHealth Care and Health
Promotion
  • Medical intervention can combat health problems
  • Developed countries allow access to healthcare
  • Rising OADR will cause future financial strain
  • Healthy lifestyle can help

18
Figure 12.3 Use of Medical Resources by Age
Group Persons age 65 and over consume far more
medical resources than persons in other age
groups. Source OECD (2009)
19
Health in Late AdulthoodHealth Care and Health
Promotion
  • Healthy lifestyle includes
  • Healthy dietlow fat and sugar, taking
    multivitamins
  • Regular exerciselowers risk of disease,
    increases muscle and bone mass
  • Aerobic and strength training beneficial
  • Avoid smoking and alcohol

20
Cognitive Development
21
Cognitive Changes and DeclineChanges in
Attention and Memory
  • Declines in
  • Selective Attention
  • Divided Attention
  • Sustained Attention
  • Memory effects include
  • Working memory decline
  • Episodic and autobiographical memory decline
  • Source memory decline

22
Cognitive Changes and DeclineDementia and
Alzheimers Disease
  • Biological brain changes include
  • Brain mass decline
  • Spaces within brain increase
  • Hippocampus, cerebellum, frontal lobes
  • Neurotransmitters decline
  • Acetylcholine and dopamine

23
Cognitive Changes and DeclineDementia and
Alzheimers Disease
  • Aging increases risk of dementia
  • Alzheimers disease most common
  • Loss of memory for recent events including people
  • increased anxiety and aggression
  • Two features include
  • Accumulation of plaques
  • Neurofibrillary tangles

24
Cognitive Changes and DeclineDementia and
Alzheimers Disease
  • Risk factors include
  • Gene
  • ApoE gene or all onset but may not determine
    developing Alzheimers
  • Diet
  • Protective factors include
  • Cognitive activity
  • Physical exercise
  • Diet

25
Alternative Views on Cognitive Changes Wisdom
  • Wisdomexpertise in the conduct and meaning of
    life
  • Includes insight, knowledge, strategies, values,
    and awareness
  • Current research
  • No clear link to age and being wise
  • Future research may examine cultural differences
  • Impact of cultures rates of social change

26
Alternative Views on Cognitive ChangesDealing
with Cognitive Decline
  • Late-life learning
  • Regular mental exercise slows cognitive decline
  • Selective Optimization with Compensation (SOC)
  • Selecting valued activities
  • Optimize performances in those activities
  • Compensating for decline by using new strategies

27
Alternative Views on Cognitive ChangesDealing
with Cognitive Decline
28
Emotional and Social Development
29
Figure 12.4 Age and Emotional States In the
course of late adulthood, positive affect rises
steadily. Source Mroczek (2001)
30
Emotional and Self-DevelopmentTheories on
Emotions in Late Adulthood
  • EriksonsEgo integrity vs. despair
  • Ego integritylooking back on ones life and
    accepting outcome
  • Despairregrets and bitterness about the course
    of ones life
  • Physical and cognitive problems can impact
    self-esteem and integrity
  • Depression can increase risk of despair

31
Emotional and Self-DevelopmentTheories on
Emotions in Late Adulthood
  • Socioemotional Selectivity Theory maximize
    emotional well-being by becoming increasingly
    selective with social contacts
  • Goals change
  • Knowledge based
  • Emotion based
  • Older adults seek relationships low in conflict
    and high in mutual enjoyment

32
The Sociocultural Contexts of Development Family
Relationships
  • Contact with adult children continue into late
    adulthood
  • Asian cultures believe in Filial Piety
  • Obligation to parents and provide care with age
  • Assistance flows from children to parents

33
The Sociocultural Contexts of Development Family
Relationships
  • Western cultures
  • Assistance flows from parents to children
  • Gender differences
  • Daughters provide more care
  • Sons financial

34
The Sociocultural Contexts of Development Family
Relationships
  • Relationships with grandchildren are positive
  • Closeness and affection remain strong
  • Gender differences
  • Closer to grandmother than grandfather
  • Great grandchildren signal family endurance

35
The Sociocultural Contexts of DevelopmentLiving
Arrangements in Late Adulthood
  • Western countries
  • Living independently
  • Northern EuropeIndependent
  • Southern EuropeLive with child
  • Living facilities
  • Assisted living and nursing homes
  • Personal control important
  • Asian countries
  • Living independently or with adult child

36
The Sociocultural Contexts of Development Love
and Sexuality
  • Marital satisfaction at peak
  • Divorce would have occurred earlier leaving
    strongest marriages
  • Fewer daily responsibilities that cause stress
  • More time to enjoy leisure activities
  • Solve disagreements calmly

37
The Sociocultural Contexts of Development Love
and Sexuality
  • Depression and loneliness follows losing a spouse
  • Widows more common than widowers
  • Social contact important for recovery

38
The Sociocultural Contexts of Development Love
and Sexuality
  • Sexual behavior expectations differ by culture
  • Activity relies on partner availability and
    physical health
  • With assistance some problems correctable
  • Womenlubrication, Menmedication for erectile
    dysfunction

39
The Sociocultural Contexts of Development Love
and Sexuality
  • Intimate acts more common than sexual intercourse
  • Masturbation remains common

40
Figure 12.6 Sexuality in Middle and Late
Adulthood In American society, many adults age
45 and over take part in a variety of sexual
activities. This figure shows the percentage of
adults engaging in sexual activities once a week
or more often within the past six months. Source
Based on AARP (2009)
41
The Sociocultural Contexts of Development Work
and Retirement
  • Median retirement age is 6063
  • Longer life expectancies increase retirement age
  • Retiring impacted by
  • Finances, physical health, and job satisfaction

42
The Sociocultural Contexts of Development Work
and Retirement
  • Satisfaction highest if retirement by choice
  • May retire gradually but not for money
  • Social contact and remaining active
  • May have problems in obtaining work

43
The Sociocultural Contexts of DevelopmentLife
Outside of Work and Home
  • Time devoted to leisure activities, community
    activities, and religious involvement
  • Leisure activities
  • Increased time to continue previous interests
  • Increased travel if able
  • Time spent doing non-demanding activities

44
The Sociocultural Contexts of DevelopmentLife
Outside of Work and Home
  • Community service and civic engagement
  • Enhance well being of future generations
  • Efforts increase social well-being
  • Enhance seniors well-being

45
The Sociocultural Contexts of DevelopmentLife
Outside of Work and Home
  • Religious involvement
  • Participation increases
  • Practices and beliefs increase
  • Women more religious than men but men hold
    dominate positions
  • Promotes self esteem, life satisfaction, and
    overall happiness
  • Promotes better physical health

46
The Sociocultural Contexts of DevelopmentLife
Outside of Work and Home
  • Television, movies, reading, music compose 40 of
    leisure time
  • Television use increases throughout life
  • Impacts globalization
  • Internet use lowest in later adulthood
  • Can have positive outcomes if taught to use
    internet
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