Which of the following is not one of the processes essential to stabilizing body fluid volumes, solute concentration, or pH of the ECF?

1
Which of the following is not one of the
processes essential to stabilizing body fluid
volumes, solute concentration, or pH of the ECF?

1. Fluid balance
2. Acid-base balance
3. Hormone balance
4. Electrolyte balance

2
What factor contributes to the relatively higher
water content of adult males compared to adult
females?

1. Males urinary bladders hold a larger volume of
   urine.
2. Males have a higher percentage of adipose tissue.
3. Males have a higher percentage of proteins,
   minerals and carbohydrates.
4. Males have higher average muscle mass.

3
Which of the following are the primary ions
present in ECF?

1. Na, Cl-, and HCO3-
2. Na, K, Mg2, and SO42-
3. Na, K, and HPO42-
4. None of the above is correct

4
Why do homeostatic mechanisms that adjust
composition of body fluids respond to changes in
the ECF, rather than ICF?

1. The receptors monitoring electrolytes are only
   found in ECF.
2. A change in one ECF component rapidly affects all
   body cells.
3. ECF is contained within cells, which are
   physically and chemically isolated.
4. 1 and 3 are correct.

5
Which hormone affecting fluid and electrolyte
balance is responsible for determining the rate
of Na absorption and K loss along the DCT?

1. The natriuretic peptides (ANP and BNP)
2. ADH
3. Aldosterone
4. All of the above are correct

6
Waynes cardiac muscle cells have been releasing
ANP in response to overstretching of his heart
walls. What is the effect of the release of ANP?

• ANP release could cause a heart attack.
• ANP blocks the release of ADH and aldosterone.
• Water is conserved at the kidneys.
• Blood volume and blood pressure increase.

7
Which of the following is true concerning
metabolic generation of water?

• Breaking down 1 g of lipid generates more water
  than breaking down 1 g of carbohydrate.
• Metabolic generation of water is the result of
  overhydration.
• Metabolic generation of water generates about
  1200 ml per day.
• Metabolic generation of water occurs when you
  lose water, but not electrolytes.

8
If the osmotic concentration of ECF increases,
which of the following happens?

1. ICF volume increases.
2. Metabolic generation of water decreases.
3. ECF becomes hypotonic to ICF.
4. Water moves from cells into ECF.

9
What effect does drinking a pitcher of distilled
water have on ADH secretion?

1. Secretion of ADH increases.
2. Secretion of ADH decreases.
3. Increased ADH secretion prompts secretion of
   renin in the kidney.
4. It is impossible to predict.

10
What effect would being in the desert without
water for a day have on plasma osmotic
concentration?

1. Increase of osmotic concentration
2. Decrease of osmotic concentration
3. No effect on osmotic concentration
4. Impossible to predict because of previous
   hydration level

11
Mr. Proctor has high blood pressure. As his
physician, why do you counsel him to limit his
intake of sodium?

1. Sodium causes ICF volume to increase and
   increased ADH secretion.
2. Sodium causes an increase in fat storage and
   increased ECF osmolarity.
3. Sodium causes an increase in blood volume and
   blood pressure, and decreased ADH secretion.
4. Sodium causes loss of other electrolytes and
   decreased blood volume.

12
Why does prolonged sweating increase plasma
sodium ion levels?

1. Sodium is excreted with sweat.
2. Sodium decreases water retention.
3. Potassium is lost during sweating.
4. Sweating causes a greater loss of water than
   sodium.

13
Which is more dangerous, disturbances of sodium
balance or disturbances of potassium balance?

1. Disturbances of sodium balance
2. Disturbances of potassium balance
3. They are equally dangerous
4. Neither is particularly dangerous

14
What is the primary cause of hypercalcemia?

1. Hyperparathyroidism
2. Excessive consumption of vitamin D supplements
3. Chronic renal failure
4. Alcoholism

15
Which of the following characteristics
distinguishes a strong acid from a weak acid?

1. Weak acids dissociate completely in solution.
2. Weak acids have more profound effect on the pH of
   a solution.
3. Strong acids dissociate completely in solution.
4. 1 and 2 are correct.

16
What is the effect of acidosis on the circulatory
system?

1. Cardiac arrhythmias
2. Peripheral vasoconstriction and rise in BP
3. Peripheral vasodilation and drop in BP
4. Cardiomyopathy

17
Which of the following is not one of the three
major buffer systems?

1. Phosphate buffer system
2. Potassium buffer system
3. Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system
4. Protein buffer system

18
Which of the following is/are true of the
hemoglobin buffer system?

1. It is the only intracellular buffer system that
   has an immediate effect of the pH of ECF.
2. It helps prevent drastic changes in pH when
   plasma PCO2 is rising or falling.
3. It prevents changes in pH caused by organic
   acids and fixed acids in the ECF.
4. 1 and 2 are correct.

19
Why does the tubular fluid in nephrons need to be
buffered?

1. Buffers allow for tubular modification of fluids.
2. Lacking buffers, the kidneys would secrete too
   much acid.
3. Buffers prevent increasing respiratory rate.
4. Buffers keep the pH high enough for H ion
   secretion to continue.

20
What effect does a decrease in the pH of body
fluids have on respiratory rate?

1. Respiratory rate increases
2. Respiratory rate decreases
3. Rate of respiration remains the same, but depth
   of respiration increases
4. Impossible to predict

21
During an asthma attack, Kristens bronchioles
constrict, reducing pulmonary exchange. Which of
the following scenarios will result?

1. Increased breathing rate, increased plasma pH,
   and metabolic acidosis
2. Decreased breathing rate, increased plasma pH,
   and hypocapnia
3. Decreased breathing rate, increased plasma pH,
   and respiratory alkalosis
4. Increased breathing rate, decreased plasma pH,
   and hypercapnia

22
How does a prolonged fast affect the bodys pH?

1. pH increases after a fast
2. pH decreases after a fast
3. No effect on pH
4. Impossible to predict

23
Mrs. Adams has diabetes mellitus, but rarely eats
diabetic friendly meals. What condition may
result from her poor eating behavior?

1. Lactic acidosis
2. Ketoacidosis
3. Respiratory alkalosis
4. Glomerulonephritis

24
Why can prolonged vomiting produce metabolic
alkalosis, while prolonged diarrhea produces
metabolic acidosis?

1. Diarrhea causes loss of HCO3- in the ECF/
   vomiting causes increase of HCO3- in the ECF.
2. Diarrhea causes H ions to be replenished from
   blood stream/vomiting generates HCl.
3. 1 and 2 are correct.
4. None of the above is correct.

25
Why are effects of diet more profound and
immediate in infants compared with adults?

1. Infants energy sources and mineral reserves are
   smaller.
2. Infants have less body water, making fluid shifts
   more profound.
3. Infants have a much higher bicarbonate content in
   their ECF.
4. None of the above is correct.

26
What change in an elderly persons body
contributes to poor acid-base balance?

1. Reduction in ability to concentrate urine
2. Reduction in total body water content
3. Reduction in GFR and reduction in number of
   functional nephrons
4. Reduction in ADH and aldosterone sensitivity