Pulsed Plasma Ignition System

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Pulsed Plasma Ignition System
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Natures Fire Starter
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Mankinds Fire Starter
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Far superior to standard spark plugs, which do
not ignite all the fuel.
Pulsed Plasma Fuel Ignition
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Pulsed plasma reaches throughout the cylinder and
completely ignites even very lean fuel-to-air
mixtures.
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Developed using the newest Plasma Ion Implant
theory and technology
currently used in semiconductor manufacturing .
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Breakthrough high voltage electronics and a
unique platinum electrode design produce the
whole cylinder plasma spark.
Notice the fine blue-tinged filaments emanating
at right angles to the main fingers.
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High-energy plasma injects into the cylinder
without need for elaborate and various cathode
designs.
Spark reaches throughout the cylinder because the
entire cylinder is the cathode!
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With the platinum electrode acting as a catalyst,
plasma generates ozone, a tri-ox molecule that
links with fuel molecules
explosively!
This is truly a revolutionary breakthrough in
automotive technology!
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Most mathematical models of capacitively coupled
radio frequency plasmas are based on a linear
single frequency sine wave approach.
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Electrostatic Approximation E -?F
Is just a crude estimate. It is no longer valid
when using increased driving frequencies, plasma
densities and discharge sizes.
Strong plasma field non-uniformities are
connected with electromagnetic effects.
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Magnetic Reynolds number measures the
importance of electromagnetic effects Rm µ0
e2 ne L2 / me if Rm is small electromagnetic
effects can be neglected electrostatic
approximation suffices for moderate or large
Rm the full set of Maxwells equations is
required, ?SCF / L 1 / vRm 0.1, . . .
, 10.
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Plasma Permittivity ?p 1 -?2pe / ( ?2RF -I
?RF ?c )
Assumes single sine waves. Doesnt represent
experimentally observed wave forms.
Measured Calculated
Doesnt explain the observed electron heating
phenomena.
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A higher topology model must be used when
including non-linear spatial effects.
Maxwells original four equations used quaternion
algebra and had twenty variables in four
dimensions.
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Space-Time effects were included in Maxwellian
topology, before simplification by Heaviside and
Lorentz, into contemporary symmetrical
mathematical models
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• Maxwell's Equations
• ? H ?0 ? E / ?t j
• ? E - µ0 ? H / ?t
• ? H 0
• E ? / ?0

Where H magnetic field (A/m) E
electric field (V/m) j vector current
density (A/m2) µ0 8.8542 x 10-12 F/m
permittivity of free space ?0 4 x 10-7 H/m
permeability of free space ? is the scalar
charge density (C/m3)
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Maxwells equations include the conduction effect
because the collisionless skin depth, or Skin
Effect Wavelength is less than or near the plasma
dimension
?SCF ? L
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Our approach is electrochemical.
In the reaction, dual frequency high voltage
pulses excite the Plasma Sheath Boundary, which
causes electron heating.
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The platinum electrode acts as a catalyst to
increase Tri-Ox molecule production prior to
ignition.
A powerful explosion results when the voltage
reaches flashpoint.
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Higher, multiple frequencies of up to 200 MHz,
yield better power coupling, higher plasma
density and thus better ignition.
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Increased Ohmic dissipation caused by dual
frequency excitation of higher harmonics
substantially contributes to electron heating at
low pressure.
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Excitation of Plasma Series Resonance (PSR) by
nonlinearities of the boundary sheath.
PSR is a collective oscillation mode
characteristic for low-temperature plasmas It
derives from the interaction of the kinetic
electron energy in the bulk with the
electrostatic field energy of the sheath.
Klick et al, investigating higher current
harmonics in a discharge driven by a purely
sinusoidal voltage, identified as an underlying
mechanism the excitation of the plasma series
resonance (PSR) by the nonlinearities of the
boundary sheath.
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The current has an inverse saw-tooth shape, a
characteristic of excited PSR mode damping.
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Electric model of engine cylinder
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Idealized cylinder depicted in the figure.
Cylinder with radius R and height H we identify
R with the normalization length L, i.e. set R
equal to unity. The aspect ratio H/R is denoted
? for calculations we use ? 0.5. The bottom
of the cylinder forms the electrode, driven by a
harmonic voltage VE V cos ? t.
Mathematical model of engine cylinder
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Cylindrical coordinates r, f and z shown in the
figure. Top of the cylinder coincides with the
surface z 0 Cylinder bottom is at z -H,
each for 0 r R Mantle is at r R, for -H z
0 We assume that all quantities are independent
of f.
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Plasma frequencies Electrons ?pe ? e2 ne /
?0 me Ions ?pi ? e2 ni / ? 0 mi PSR
frequency ?PSR ? s/ L ?pe Drive frequency
?RF ionization rate ?ion ?D ?? s ??
?SCF ? L ?ion ? ?pi ?? ?c ? ?RF ? ?PSR ??
?pe
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Debye length ?D v E0 Te / e2 ne thickness
of modulated sheath s vE0 V / e
ne collisionless skin depth ?SCF v me / µ0 e2
ne plasma dimension L 0.3m ne 2 1017
m-3 Rm 6.37 102
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The electric bulk field is the sum of four
separate parts, E EC ED EN EE. Besides
the driving power (external excitation EE), the
three other contributing forces are Conservative
forces EC Nonlinear sheath potential
EN Dissipation ED
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"What might appear to be empty space is,
therefore, a seething ferment of virtual
particles.
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A vacuum is not inert and featureless, but alive
with throbbing energy and vitality.
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A 'real' particle such as an electron must always
be viewed against this background of frenetic
activity.
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When an electron moves through space, it is
actually swimming in a sea of ghost particles of
all varieties
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virtual leptons, quarks, and messengers,
entangled in a complex mêlée.
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The presence of the electron will distort this
irreducible vacuum activity, and the distortion
in turn reacts back on the electron.
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Even at rest, an electron is not at rest it is
being continually assaulted by all manner of
other particles from the vacuum."
Paul Davies, Superforce The Search for a Grand
Unified Theory of Nature, Simon and Schuster, NY,
1984, p. 105.
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SISCO Pulsed Plasma Ignition System
Technology of the Future Now!
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Sapphire Injection Systems Corp.
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