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Chapter 25, then Ch. 24

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Biology Mr. Galloway Chapter 25, then Ch. 24 Viruses & Bacteria 25 - Viruses 24 - Bacteria Recommended Website: Ch 25 - Viruses ? What are they? From God? – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Chapter 25, then Ch. 24


1
BiologyMr. Galloway
Chapter 25, then Ch. 24 Viruses Bacteria
25 - Viruses 24 - Bacteria
Recommended Website
2
No one knows more about Russia's astounding
experiments with biowarfare than Ken Alibek. This
former mastermind behind Russia's germ warfare
effort reveals two decades of shocking
breakthroughs...how Moscow's leading scientists
actually reengineered hazardous microbes to make
them even more virulent...the secrets behind the
discovery of an invisible, untraceable new class
of biological agents just right for use in
political assassinations...the startling story
behind Russia's attempt to turn a sample of the
AIDS virus into the ultimate bioweapon. And in
a chilling work of real-world intrigue, Biohazard
offers us all a rare glimpse into a shadowy
scientific underworld where doctors manufacture
mass destruction, where witnesses to errors are
silenced forever, and where ground zero is closer
than we ever dared believe.
From Library JournalBiological weapons in the
former Soviet Union where are they now?
3
Ch 25 - Viruses ? What are they? From God?
Ebola Virus
4
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Genital Herpes
AIDS
5
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VirusesAlien Invaders
Viruses are NON-living particles that invade
living cells. Viruses do not use energy to
grow, or respond to surroundings. Viruses
reproduce by invading living cells and forcing
them to make more viruses. They destroy the
living cell in the process.
7
All viruses are parasites - They destroy living
cells of a host. Parasite organisms that live
on or in a host and cause harm to the host. Host
a living thing that provides a source of energy
for a virus or an organism.
8
So, where and when did viruses originate? Remember
, Gods punishes rebellion by withdrawing His
hand of protection (especially from diseases).
  • Genesis 129-31 (God calls all of creation very
    good.)
  • (No disease and no death)
  • Gen 3 (Sin separation cause thorns and
    thistles)
  • Lev 13-15 (God gives laws to protect against
    microbes)
  • Num 12 (God withdraws protection from Mosess
    racist sister.)
  • Rom 1 (God withdraws disease protection from
    homosexuals.)
  • Mat 2421-22 Rev 67-8 Zech 14
  • (Tribulation period will include bioterror
    plagues.)

9
  • It is possible that Satan and the fallen angels
    genetically engineered viruses after the fall.
  • - Only God can create real life.
  • - Viruses are not living things.
  • - They are like genetic computer code viruses,
    designed to subvert and destroy the goodness of
    Gods creation, causing suffering and death.

10
The box in the diagrams at the left entitled,
Evolutionary Relationships is an erroneous
assumption based upon the philosophical belief in
macroevolution. Remember, macroevolution claims
that vertical change from one kind of creature
(population) can occur due to the hypothesized
mechanism of mutations. Yet, it is now known
that mutations never add new genetic information.
(See Dr. Spetners book, NOT BY CHANCE.
11
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12
HIV Virus
13
Lytic Cycle
14
Lysogenic Cycle
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Viral Diseases
17
HIV Virus Causes AIDS
Glycoprotein
RNA Genome
Reverse Transcriptase
Capsid
Envelope
18
Lytic Cycle
Attachment
Entry
Replication
Assembly
Release
19
Naming Viruses NOT by binomial
nomenclature, since they are not alive.
Named after scientists, diseases, hosts - Human
Immunodeficiency Virus - Tobacco Mosaic Virus
20
Classification
  • Bacteriophages infect bacterial cells usually
    with negative effects on the cell
  • Animal Viruses infect invertebrates
    vertebrates entering by endocytosis and exiting
    by exocytosis
  • Plant Viruses rely on insects to provide an
    opening for entry mostly RNA viruses
  • Viroids naked snippets of RNA causing plant
    disease
  • Prions infectious protein particles

21
Shapes and Sizes of Viruses Shapes helical,
round, rods, bricklike, bulletlike, or even ROBOT
like the Bacteriophage. Sizes 22 to 250
nanometers (nm 1 billionth of meter) Much
smaller than even a bacterium, 750 nm, like
the strep throat bacteria)Structure of Viruses
Two basic parts 1. Outer Protein Coat (locks
onto specific living cells) 2. Inner Genetic
Core (injected into a hosts cell)
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DNA Viruses
  • Viral Group Size(nm) Structure
    Diseases
  • Papovaviruses 45-55 Polyhederal
    Warts
  • Adenoviruses 70-80 Polyhedral
    Respiratory
    Intestinal Infections,
    Conjunctivitis, Sore Throat
  • Herpes viruses 150-200 Enveloped
    Herpes, Chickenpox,
    Polyhedral Shingles Infectious
    Mononucleosis
  • Pox viruses 100-200 Helical
    Smallpox

24
RNA Viruses
  • Viral Group Size(nm) Structure
    Diseases
  • Picornaviruses 20-30 Polyhedral
    Poliomyelitis, Infectious
    Hepatitis, Common Cold
  • Myxoviruses 80-120 Enveloped
    Influenza A,B,C
    Helical
  • Rhabdoviruse 70-180 Enveloped
    Rabies Helical
  • Retrovirus 100
    Glycoprotien AIDS
    Enveloped Complex

25
T4 Bacteriophage(bacteria eater)
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Bacteriophage Virus Eater
  1. Genes
  2. Head
  3. Tail
  4. Tail Fibers

28
How Viruses Multiply Its genetic material is
injected into the cell and takes over the
cells programs. Directs the cell to make more
virus particles. New virus particles form
inside the host cell. Active (Virulent) Viruses
immediately begin multiplying inside the cell.
(Lytic Cycle) Hidden (Temperate) Viruses
injects integrates its genetic material into
the host genome. (Lysogenic)(Often waits until
the body of the host is weak from stress.)
29
How a bacteriophage invades a living cell.
30
Lytic Cycle Virulent Viruses
  • Phase 1 Absorption
  • Phase 2 Entry
  • Phase 3 Replication
  • Phase 4 Assembly
  • Phase 5 Release

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http//www.cat.cc.md.us/courses/bio141/lecguide/un
it2/viruses/adlyt.html
Absorption
33
Penetration
34
Replication and Maturation
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Lysogenic CycleTemperate Viruses
  • Phase 1 Absorption
  • Phase 2 Entry
  • Virus becomes dormant until environmental change
    stimulates it. (often hosts stress)
  • Phase 3 Replication
  • Phase 4 Assembly
  • Phase 5 Release

37
Lysogenic Cycle of Bacteriophage
38
Viral Diseases (Colds, Flu, Herpes, Warts,
AIDS, measles, Rabies, etc.) Vaccine a
substance that stimulates the body to produce
chemicals that destroy viruses or bacteria.
Made of altered virus or bacteria. It causes
the body to be on alert for live invaders
similar to the vaccine ones.
39
In my estimation Dr. Horowitz has unearthed a
covert operation run amok, that is bigger than
any secret operation in U.S. history, and more
momentous in its implications to humanity than
the atomic weapons "Manhattan Project" of World
War II. . . . MANDATORY READING. -JACK A.
KINGSTON, CHAIRMANNATIONAL SECURITY ADVISORY
BOARDWASHINGTON, DC
40
  • Emerging Viruses
  • Horowitz's theories help explain the sudden
    emergence of several novel viral epidemics since
    1970. . . . He heavily documents that, in the
    late 1960s and early 1970s, cancer virus and
    bioweapons researchers were developing HIV-like
    viruses in their labs. Horowitz persuasively
    shows that there was strong motive to produce
    AIDS-like weapons. . . .."
  • STEVEN KAUFFMAN, M.D.BOOK REVIEW, MEDICAL
    RESEARCH MODERNIZATION COMMITTEE REPORT
  • "A well documented chronology of the AIDS virus
    research effort supporting the author's
    hypothesis that AIDS was the result of a
    manufactured virus created for military/population
    control objectives. Fascinating, well
    researched, referenced and written. Four stars
    out of five. "
  • - BOOK REVIEW - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN
    ASSOCIATION OF FORENSIC DENTISTS

41

Ch 24 - Bacteria

42
One Bacterium
43
Bacillus
Coccus
Spirochete
Streptococcus
44
Insensitive
Moderately Sensitive
Insensitive
Very Sensitive
45
Bacterial colonies in culture media in petri
dishes
E. coli (A common intestinal bacteria)
Streak Plate 4-quadrants
Colonies of various kinds
46
Characteristics Structural Features
  • Prokaryotic
  • Most have a Cell wall
  • Flagellum or Pili attached to cell wall
  • Three Shapes
  • Coccus spherical
  • Bacillus rod or cylindrical
  • Spirillum helical

47
1. Archaebacteria (Unicellular) Prokarotes
no true nucleus Means ancient bacteria,
since evolutionists believe they evolved
first. Some live in extreme environments,
like very hot water near lava. Some are
autotrophs, and some are heterotrophs
48
Archaebacteria
  • Methanogens Methane-Makers
  • inhabit swamps, mud, sewage, animal guts
  • anaerobic respiration
  • convert carbon dioxide and hydrogen to methane

49
Archaebacteria
  • Extreme Halophiles Salt-Lovers
  • high salt environments
  • pinkish-colored colonies
  • heterotrophic aerobes

50
Archaebacteria
  • Thermoacidophiles Heat and Acid-Lovers
  • thermal vents of the sea floor and mineral
    springs
  • pH between 2 and 4
  • temperatures exceeding 250 degrees C
  • chemosynthetic using hydrogen sulfide

51
2. Eubacteria (Unicellular prokaryotes)
True Bacteria Similar to archaebacteria,
but their chemical makeup is
different. Live all over the world,
including your body. Most are
harmless, some are very useful, a few are
harmful.
52
Classification
  • Gram reactions
  • Cell shape
  • Metabolic patterns
  • Mode of nutrition

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54
Colony Types
  • Diplo pairs of cells
  • Staphylo clusters of cells
  • Strepto chains of cells

55
Streptococcus bacteria ?
Streptobacillus ?
?Staphylococcus bacteria
56
Metabolic Diversity
  • Photosynthetic Autotrophs
  • Chemosynthetic Autotrophs
  • Heterotrophs

57
Bacterial Survival Needs source of food, a way
to break it down (respiration) to release energy,
etc.Autotrophs (some use photosynthesis, others
in deep oceans use chemical ways) Heterotrophs
(some make yogurt, cheese, apple
cider) Decomposers (recyclers) that live in
soil and break down chemicals in dead animals and
plants. Endospore a thick, rounded,
thick-walled, resting cell formed inside a
bacterial cell. Some bacteria form this when
the environment is to harsh for growth.
(Anthrax is an example.) Endospores can
resist freezing, heating, and drying.
58
Eubacteria - types
  • Cyanobacteria
  • Chemosynthetic
  • Nitrogen-fixing heterotrophs
  • Spirochetes

59
Cyanobacteria
  • Photosynthetic
  • Contain phycobilins
  • Form heterocysts that produce nitrogen-fixing
    enzymes
  • Blue-green bacteria

60
Chemosynthetic
  • Autotrophs
  • Nitrifying bacteria
  • convert nitrite to nitrate

61
Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria
  • Heterotrophs
  • Mutualistic with plants
  • live in nodules on plant roots

62
Spirochetes
  • Coiled bacteria
  • Move with a corkscrew motion
  • Flagella positioned within cell wall

63
Reproduction in Bacteria Asexual Reproduction
involves only one parent producing identical
offspring. Binary Fission asexual
reproduction where one cell divides to make
two.Sexual Reproduction for animals it
involves two parents who combine genetic material
to produce offspring. But bacteria do not
produce baby bacteria this way. Their sexual
reproduction is by conjugation. Conjugation
one bacterium transfers genetic material to
another bacterium. (Then each later divides by
binary fission.)
64
AsexualReproduction
  • Binary Fission
  • Results in two genetically identical daughter
    cells

65
Sexual Reproduction - Bacterial Conjugation
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67
Garlic frightens off hospital superbugsHOSPITAL
superbugs - like vampires - appear to be
frightened of garlic.An ingredient in garlic is
said to be effective even against
highly-resistant strains of the notorious MRSA
bug, which has claimed many lives, according to
research.It can cure patients with
MRSA-infected wounds "within days", said
microbiologist Dr Ron Cutler.Allicin, which
occurs naturally in garlic, not only killed known
varieties of MRSA, but also new superbug
generations resistant to "last resort"
antibiotics. http//www.manchesteronline.co.uk/b
usiness/technology/stories/Detail_LinkStory76862.
html
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