Title: PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TILLAGE AND LAND MODIFICATIONS FOR GRAPES
1PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TILLAGE AND LAND
MODIFICATIONS FOR GRAPES
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2PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TILLAGE AND LAND
MODIFICATIONS FOR GRAPES
- Abstract
- Land is prepared to get fine tilth before
planting of grapes. Before establishing vineyard,
the bushes in the fields are cleared, perennial
weeds are killed and the ploughing operations are
made. - Ploughing operations are mainly two types such
as primary tillage and secondary tillage. - Country plough, disc plough and mould board
plough are generally used for deep ploughing
(primary tillage) operations and country plough,
cultivator, harrows, plank, roller etc.
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3PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TILLAGE AND LAND
MODIFICATIONS FOR GRAPES
- After completion of tillage operations, the land
is prepared according to the requirement.
Trenches of about 75 cm width, 75 cm deep and
length according to the field slope in a
north-south direction with an inter-space of
about 3 m between trenches are dug. Required
manures and fertilizers are applied and planting
of grapes is done. - Learning objectives
- To learn the various implements used for primary
and secondary tillages for vineyard
establishment. - To study the land modifications required before
planting of grapes.
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4PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TILLAGE AND LAND
MODIFICATIONS FOR GRAPES
- Introduction
- Grape (Vitis vinifera) is a deciduous crop. Its
natural habitat is temperate climate. Hot and dry
climate is ideal. - Grapes are grown on a variety of soils. Soil
with good drainage and water-holding capacity
with a pH range of 6.57.5 is ideally-suited for
grapes. - Ploughing or tillage is mechanical manipulation
of soil using different implements, the most
important field operation carried out before
grapes planting.
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5PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TILLAGE AND LAND
MODIFICATIONS FOR GRAPES
- Grapes is having deep root system and planting
is generally practiced with trenches, deep
ploughing is mandatory. - There are several machineries or ploughs put in
use to prepare the land deep and pulverized
manner. - Initially, wooden tools and ploughs are used and
due to mechanization, many modern tillage
implements are being used for ploughing the soil
deep (primary tillage), pulverization (secondary
tillage) and further field preparations such as
layout and trench formation (land modification).
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6PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TILLAGE AND LAND
MODIFICATIONS FOR GRAPES
- Tillage for grapes
- Tillage is the first and the most important
operation in vineyards. Tillage operations are
generally carried out before planting of grape
vines. - Tillage operations are generally of two stages,
viz. primary and secondary tillages. - Primary tillage
- Primary tillage or ploughing is opening of the
compacted soil with the help of different tools
and implements preferably used for this purpose
is ploughs. - In addition, primary tillage also aims to
inversion (whenever necessary) of soil, uprooting
of weeds and stubbles
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7PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TILLAGE AND LAND
MODIFICATIONS FOR GRAPES
- Deep ploughing results large sized clods, when
these exposed to sun and cooling due to summer
rains, clods get crumbled and process of gradual
disintegration of clods improves soil structure. - The rhizomes and tubers of perennial weeds viz.,
Cynodon dactylon and Cyperus rotundus are killed
due to exposure to hot sun. Summer ploughing
reduces pest incidences by exposing pupae to hot
sun. - Deep tillage also improves soil moisture content
by retaining more moisture in ploughed furrows
during rainy period.
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8PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TILLAGE AND LAND
MODIFICATIONS FOR GRAPES
- In vineyard, in olden days, country plough was
the most widely used tillage implement in the
developing countries. - However, due to the scientific advancement and
mechanization, many modern tillage implements
have replaced the country plough. - Deep ploughing is generally made in vineyards
using cultivator (5 tyne), disc plough and mould
board plough. - Better ploughing and soil inversion is necessary
for vineyard establishment and hence, either disc
or mould board ploughs usage have an edge over
cultivators.
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9PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TILLAGE AND LAND
MODIFICATIONS FOR GRAPES
- Hard pans may exist in the soil, may be any kind
like, silt pans, iron or aluminum pans, clay pans
or man-made pans, will hinder the root growth of
grapes. - Sub-soiling is breaking the hard pan without
inversion and with less disturbance of top soil.
A narrow cut is made in the top soil, while share
of the sub-soiler shatters hard pans. - Chisel ploughs are generally used to break hard
pans present beyond 50cm deep before vineyard
establishment
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10PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TILLAGE AND LAND
MODIFICATIONS FOR GRAPES
- Harrows are used for shallow cultivation in
operations such as pulverization of soil by
breaking clods, destroying weeds etc. - Harrows are of two types disc harrow and blade
harrow. The discs cut through the soil and
effectively pulverize the clods through concave
discs of 45 to 55 cm in diameter. Blade harrows
are used for different purposes like removal of
weeds and stubbles, crushing of clods, working of
soil to shallow depth. - Plank is a very simple implement and consists of
a heavy wooden beam of 2 m in length. Clods are
crushed and micro-leveling is also made.
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11PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TILLAGE AND LAND
MODIFICATIONS FOR GRAPES
- Land modification in grapes
- After primary and secondary tillage operations,
the field is laid into plots according to the
slope, water availability, soil type and other
management practices. - Land within a plot is leveled perfectly to have
a gradient of lt1.0 in any direction. - This ensures better establishment of cuttings of
grapes besides uniform discharge of water through
the emitters of drip irrigation systems is used
for leveling the land perfectly.
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12PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TILLAGE AND LAND
MODIFICATIONS FOR GRAPES
- Grapes is mainly planted with trench method.
- Trenches of about 75 cm width, 75 cm depth and
with convenient length in a north-south direction
are made. - The distance between trench is varying according
to the variety. - The trenches are earlier made using man power
but, now machines are put in use to take-up
trenches. - Trenches are closed with topsoil, up to a height
of 45 cm after 15 days exposure to sun. - The remaining gap is filled with a mixture of
soil, manure and recommended fertilizers.
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13PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TILLAGE AND LAND
MODIFICATIONS FOR GRAPES
- Pit also can be made to plant the cuttings of
grapes. About 75cm deep and 1m wide pits are
opened. Pit is filled as like in trenches and
planting is followed. - Of late, a closer planting of 2.5 x 1.0 m as
against the recommended spacing of 3.0 x 2.0 m
combined with fertigation is practiced. - Staggered trenches are dug-out across the slope
in full length or width of the field.
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14PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TILLAGE AND LAND
MODIFICATIONS FOR GRAPES
- Trenches of 75 cm width, 75 cm depth and length
according to the field stretch in a north-south
direction with an inter-space of 3 m between
trenches are dug. - The trenches are filled with top soil up to a
height of 30 cm and are then exposed to sun for
about 30 days. - Then the remaining portion is filled with a
mixture of green manures, Calotropis leaves, tank
silt and farm yard manure.
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15PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TILLAGE AND LAND
MODIFICATIONS FOR GRAPES
- Summary
- Deep ploughing is mandatory in Grapes, since it
is having deep root system. - In vineyard, in olden days, country plough was
the most widely used tillage implement in the
developing countries. - Different types of levelers are put in to use in
leveling before vineyard establishment.
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16PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TILLAGE AND LAND
MODIFICATIONS FOR GRAPES
- Summary
- Better ploughing and soil inversion is necessary
for vineyard establishment and hence, either disc
or mould board ploughs usage is necessary. - Chisel ploughs are used to break hard pans
present beyond 50cm deep before vineyard
establishment. - Disc harrows, cultivators, blade harrows,
country plough etc., are used for secondary
tillage in vineyard establishment
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17PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TILLAGE AND LAND
MODIFICATIONS FOR GRAPES
- Summary
- Grapes is mainly planted with trench method.
Trenches of about 75 cm width, 75 cm depth and
with convenient length in a north-south direction
are made. - Pit also can be made to plant the cuttings of
grapes. About 75cm deep and 1m wide pits are
opened. - Of late, a closer planting of 2.5 x 1.0 m as
against the recommended spacing of 3.0 x 2.0 m
combined with fertigation is practiced.
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18ASSESSMENT
- 1.Deep ploughing is mandatory in land preparation
of grapes (True/False). - 2.Disc or mould board ploughs are main primary
tillage implements used in grapes (True/False). - 3.Country ploughs are used to break hard pans
before vineyard establishment (True/False). - 4.Disc harrows, cultivators, blade harrows,
country plough are used for secondary tillage in
vineyard establishment (True/False). - 5.Grapes is mainly planted with pit method
(True/False). - 6.Recently, a closer planting is practiced in
grapes with fertigation as against the
recommended spacing (True/False).
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19PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TILLAGE AND LAND
MODIFICATIONS FOR GRAPES
- References
- Singh, S.P. 2000. Commercial fruits. Kalyani
Publishers, Ludhiana. - Kumar, N. 2000. Introduction to Horticulture.
Rajalakshmi Publications, Nagarcoil, Tamil Nadu. - Yellamanda Reddy, T. and G.H. Sankara Reddi.
2010. Principles of Agronomy. Kalyani Publisher,
Ludhiana.
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