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Police and Society: History and Organization

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Title: Police and Society: History and Organization


1
Chapter 5
Police and Society History and Organization
2
The Pledge System
  • Families banded together for protection
  • People raised the hue and cry to warn others of
    trouble and to pursue criminals
  • Tithings were formed (10 families)
  • Ten tithings banded together to form a hundred
    supervised by a constable
  • Hundreds banded together to form shires
    supervised by the shire reeve

3
The Watch System 13th Century
  • More formal than the pledge system
  • Employed watchmen to protect property against
    fire and robbery
  • Justice of the peace established and given
    judicial duties
  • Constables served as assistants to justices of
    the peace

4
18th Century English Policing
  • Industrial Revolution takes place and crime
    dramatically increases
  • London experiments with different kinds of
    policing
  • In 1829, the Metropolitan Police Act (MPA) is
    passed in Parliament while Sir Robert Peel is
    home secretary
  • The MPA creates the first organized police force
    of over 1,000 men

5
American Colonial Experience
  • County sheriff was the most important law
    enforcement person
  • Investigated complaints
  • Ran the jail
  • Collected taxes, supervised elections
  • Town marshal, aided by others, was responsible
    for urban areas
  • Vigilante groups used to eradicate some social
    problems

6
19th Century American Policing
  • Development of police agencies prompted by mob
    violence
  • Gentry feared restlessness of the underclass
  • Gin became a major substance abuse problem
  • Fear of urban street crime produced demands for
    greater police protection

7
19th Century American Policing
  • Police were incompetent, disliked and corrupt
  • Primary functions were to
  • Serve as enforcement powers for reigning
    political powers
  • Protect private property
  • Control the rising number of foreign immigrants

8
20th Century American Policing
  • Technological advancements
  • Telegraph boxes, motorcycles and police cars
  • Local, state and federal crime commissions
  • Public concern about police corruption led to
    reform efforts

9
The Modern Era of Policing The 1960s
  • Civil unrest and Vietnam
  • Growing crime rates
  • Supreme Court decisions
  • Desire for more educated officers

10
The Modern Era of Policing The 1970s
  • Emphasis on good police-community relationships
  • Federal assistance to local and state agencies to
    fight the war on crime
  • Recruitment and promotion of women and minorities
    increased

11
The Modern Era of Policing The 1980s
  • Concepts of community and problem-oriented
    policing emerged
  • Police unions grew
  • Governments faced fiscal constraints and forced
    budget cutbacks in policing
  • Riots and brutality claims led to an examination
    of traditional police practices and roles

12
Policing in the 1990s
  • Rodney King case prompted a renewed interest in
    police reform
  • Evaluation of police broadened to include
    courteousness, helpfulness and deportment of the
    officers

13
Exhibit 5.1 The Most Notable Achievements of
Contemporary American Police
14
Federal Law Enforcement
  • Numerous agencies found in a variety of
    departments of federal government
  • No single agency has unlimited jurisdiction
  • Most agencies have primarily investigative
    functions
  • Function of each agency is determined by specific
    laws

15
U.S. Department of Justice
  • Headed by the U.S. Attorney General and is
    empowered to
  • Enforce all federal laws
  • Represent the U.S. in court actions
  • Conduct independent investigations through its
    law enforcement services, e.g., FBI, DEA, U.S.
    Marshals The DEA home page is located at
    http//www.usdoj.gov/dea/

16
The Federal Bureau of Investigation
  • An investigative rather than police agency
  • Jurisdiction includes all federal laws not
    specifically assigned to another agency
  • Has over 11,000 Special Agents and over 16,000
    other professional, administrative and clerical
    staff
  • Provides services to local agencies

17
Exhibit 5.2 Special Programs and Divisions of the
Federal Bureau of Investigations
18
Exhibit 5.3 Reformulated FBI Priorities
19
Exhibit 5.4 Key Near-term Actions to Combat
Terrorism
20
Department of Homeland Security
  • The assigned mission of Homeland Security
  • Prevent terrorist attacks within the United
    States
  • Reduce Americas vulnerability to terrorism
  • Minimize the damage from attacks that do occur
    and recover from them

21
Five Independent Branches of the Department of
Homeland Security
  • Border and Transportation Security
  • Emergency Preparedness and Response
  • Science and Technology
  • Information Analysis and Infrastructure
    Protection
  • Management

22
U.S. Treasury Department
  • Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms
  • Controls sale of untaxed liquor and cigarettes
    and illegal sales, importation criminal misuses
    of firearms and explosives
  • Internal Revenue Service
  • Enforces violations of income, excise, stamp and
    other tax laws
  • Often involved with a variety of types of crimes
    from a tax point of view

23
U.S. Treasury Department (cont.)
  • U.S. Customs Service
  • Guards points of entry into the U.S. and prevents
    smuggling of contraband into and out of the
    country
  • U.S. Secret Service
  • Enforces laws against counterfeiting
  • Protects the President, VP and others
  • Maintains the White House Police Force

24
State Police Agencies
  • Texas Rangers was one of the first state agencies
    formed
  • Responsible for
  • Highway safety
  • Law enforcement in various areas
  • Technical support to other agencies

25
County Law Enforcement
  • Either the County Sheriffs Department (most
    common) or County Police Department
  • 3,100 sheriffs operating nationwide
  • Responsible for
  • Law enforcement
  • Local corrections (jail)
  • Civil law authority
  • Court-related duties

26
Metropolitan Police
  • Have majority of personnel
  • NYPD is largest
  • Large and small departments have same functions

27
Table 5.1 Police Salaries
28
Exhibit 5.5 The Use of Technology in the
Nations Police Departments
29
Figure A Crime Map of Tempe, Arizona
30
Technology in Law Enforcement
  • Criminal identification through computer imaging
    (biometrics)
  • Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems
  • DNA testing
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