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Chapter 7: Classification of Living Things

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Chapter 7: Classification of Living Things Sorting It all Out Prior to the 1700 s scientists had no rules for naming and grouping of organisms Multiple names were ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Chapter 7: Classification of Living Things


1
Chapter 7 Classification of Living Things
2
Sorting It all Out
  • Prior to the 1700s scientists had no rules for
    naming and grouping of organisms
  • Multiple names were used for the same organism
    and caused confusion
  • Scientist needed a universal means of organizing
    and naming organisms.
  • Classification and Taxonomy were developed in
    1700s by Carolus Linnaeus who classified more
    than 11,000 species based on their structure.

3
Why Classify?
  • To make sense and order of the organisms in the
    world based on shared characteristics.
  • Classification the division of organisms into
    groups or classes, based upon specific
    characteristics
  • Scientists classify organisms using Taxonomy
  • Taxonomy is the science of describing,
    classifying and naming organisms. Taxonomists use
    biological, physical and genetic evidence for
    classification
  • Systematics is the classification of organisms by
    their characteristics

4
How do Scientist Classify Organisms?
  • Scientists use dichotomous keys for identifying
    species
  • A dichotomous key is an identification tool that
    gives a series of choices that gradually narrows
    down the list of possible species (see pg. 230)
  • A dichotomous key is useful only when you know
    what type of organism you are observing and
    therefore based on observable traits.
  • Complete Classzone Simulations Dichotomous Key

5
Branch diagrams shows how organisms evolved
  • A shared derived characteristic is a
    characteristic that two or more kinds if
    organisms share with their more recent common
    ancestors.(see pg. 244)
  • Branching diagrams show which characteristics
    organisms share and when these organisms evolved.
    Branching diagrams can be used to understand
    evolutionary relationships between extinct and
    living organisms by comparing the fossil records
    and characteristics of the living organisms.
    (see pg. 242)
  • A cladogram is a branching diagram based upon
    traits passed down from common ancestors (see pg.
    244)

6
Levels of Classification
  • All living things are classified into 1 of 3
    Domains. Domains are the largest group. (see pg.
    235)
  • Each Domain is broken into Kingdoms
  • Each Kingdom broken into Phyla (singular Phylum)
  • Each Phyla is broken into Classes
  • Each Class is broken into Orders
  • Each Order is broken into Families
  • Each Family is broken into Genus
  • Each Genus is broken in Species
  • Remember Species is a group of organisms able to
    mate with one another and produce fertile
    offspring.

7
Scientific Names
  • Linnaeus simplified naming living things by
    giving each species a two-part scientific name
    called binomial nomenclature.
  • Binomial two names and nomenclaturea system of
    names
  • Ex. the house cat is called Felis catus
  • Felis is the genera and catus is the species

8
What is Genus?
  • Genus is a group of species that have similar
    characteristics
  • Ex. Ursus is the genus for bears the second name
    is the species
  • Ursus arctos grizzly bears Ursus maritimus
    polar bears
  • Genus names begin with an upper case letter and
    species begins with a lower case letter and is
    italicized. The genus name is first followed by
    the species name. The scientific name is derived
    from Latin or Greek that contains information
    regarding the organism such as Tyrannosaurus rex.
    Tyrannosaurus means tyrant lizard and rex means
    king.

9
Levels of Classification
  • All living things are classified into 1 of 3
    Domains. Domains are the largest group. (see pg.
    235)
  • The 3 Domains are the highest level of
    classification
  • The 3 domains are Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya
    (pg. 249)
  • Archaea includes archaea (thermophiles)
  • Bacteria consists of bacteria (no nuclei)
  • Eukarya consists of protists, fungi, plants and
    animals
  • (larger with more complex structures)

10
Levels of Classification
  • All living things are classified into 6 kingdoms
    (pg. 250)
  • Plantae
  • Animalia
  • Protista
  • Fungi
  • Archaea
  • Bacteria
  • Plants and Animals are the two most familiar
    kingdoms

11
Plantae
  • Plants are grouped into 3 main types
  • Bryophytes are nonvascular they were the first
  • plants to live on land. Bryophytes include
    mosses,hornworts, and liverworts
  • Vascular seedless plants have a vascular system
    but no seeds. Vascular seedless plants include
    horsetails and ferns.
  • Vascular seed plants have vascular systems. They
    also have seeds for protecting and dispersing
    embryos. Vascular seed plants include conifers,
    or evergreen trees, ginkgo trees, and flowering
    plants.Most of the plants you can think of, such
    as grass or apple trees, are flowering
    plants.Most familiar plants are vascular seed
    plants

12
Animalia
  • Scientists have already named a million species
    in the kingdom Animalia. Many different types of
    animals live on Earth, but more than 90 percent
    of the named species are insects.
  • The animal kingdom also has familiar animals such
    as whales, sharks, humans, bears, dogs, and fish.
  • Animals are classified by their body types, which
    vary widely.
  • Vertebrates are animals with backbones.
  • Invertebrates, the group that contains the most
    individuals, have no backbone. About One million
    invertebrate species live on Earth

13
Protista
  • The kingdom Protista includes a wide variety of
    organisms.
  • Most protists are unicellular. The multicellular
    protists are
  • too simple to be classified as animals,
    plants, or fungi.
  • All protists have large, complex cells with true
    nuclei.
  • Some eat other organisms as animals do, some get
    energy from sunlight as plants do and some
    protist resemble fungi.
  • Multicellular protists are still much simpler
    than plants, animals, and fungi.
  • Many live in ponds or oceans
  • Ex. Giant Kelp

14
Fungi
  • Some well-known fungi include mushrooms, molds,
    and
  • yeasts.
  • Both plants and fungi remain rooted in one place.
  • Most fungi have cell walls like the cells walls
    of plants.
  • Unlike plants,fungi do not use sunlight to make
    food.
  • Fungi do not eat in the same way that animals
    do. Instead they use chemicals to break down food
    outside of their bodies. Then they absorb, or
    take in, that food.
  • Many fungi act as decomposers. They break dead or
  • decaying matter into simpler parts.

15
Bacteria
  • All are unicellular, small, simple with no
    nucleus. Most have a cell wall outside of the
    cell membrane. This cell wall is not similar to
    the cell wall in plants.
  • They live everywhere on Earth and can be either
    harmful, helpful or have no effect.
  • Some conduct photosynthesis, others are
    decomposers
  • Ex. E.coli

16
Archaea
  • Single celled and have no nucleus but have a
    different cell structure than bacteria
  • Ancient organisms
  • Live in extreme environments such as sulfur pits,
    or boiling mud geysers.
  • Some live in the guts of termites and cows to
    help break down cellulose (plant material)
  • Ex. Methanococcoides burtonii
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