Basic Nanotechnology

1
Basic Nanotechnology

• Commercial Activity

2
Mystery of Life Sciences

• When we remember we are all mad
• the mysteries of life disappear and life stands
  explained.
• -Mark Twain

3
Life

• Perspective
• Atom 0.1 nm
• DNA (width) 2 nm
• Protein 5 50 nm
• Virus 75 100 nm
• Materials internalized by cells lt 100 nm
• Bacteria 1,000 10,000 nm
• White Blood Cell 10,000 nm

4
Life

• Biopharmaceutics
• Drug Delivery
• Drug Encapsulation
• Functional Drug Carriers
• Drug Discovery
• Implantable Materials
• Tissue Repair and Replacement
• Implant Coatings
• Tissue Regeneration Scaffolds
• Structural Implant Materials
• Bone Repair
• Bioresorbable Materials
• Smart Materials
• Implantable Devices
• Assessment and Treatment Devices
• Implantable Sensors
• Implantible Medical Devices

• Sensory Aids
• Retina Implants
• Cochlear Implants
• Surgical Aids
• Operating Tools
• Smart Instruments
• Surgical Robots
• Diagnostic Tools
• Genetic Testing
• Ultra-sensitive Labeling and
• Detection Technologies
• High Throughput Arrays and
• Multiple Analyses
• Imaging
• Nanoparticle Labels

5
Life

• Biopharmaceutics
• Drug Delivery
• Drugs need to be protected during their transit
  to the target site in the body while maintaining
  their biological and chemicals properties.
• Some drugs are highly toxic if they decompose
  during their delivery.
• The drug delivery material must be compatible and
  bind easily with the drug, and be either
  metabolized or eliminated via normal excretory
  routes.
• The production process must not degrade the
  drug, and be cost effective.

6
Life

• Drug Encapsulation - Tuberculosis

Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences /
Department of Physics Harvard University
7
Life

• Drug Encapsulation

Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences /
Department of Physics Harvard University
8
Life

• Drug Delivery

9
Life

• Drug Delivery

10
Life

• Implantable Materials - Implant Coatings
• Catheters, heart valves, artificial hips
• Implants confuse the cells responsible for tissue
  regeneration and causes the body to react as if
  it had encountered foreign material.
• The body's natural response to foreign material
  is to wall it off with scar-like tissue. This
  reaction can disrupt device performance.

11
Life

• Implantable Materials - Implant Coatings

A layer of desired proteins is spread over a
smooth surface like mica. The proteins and mica
are then coated with a thin layer of sugar
molecules, which in turn is covered with a
Teflon-like polymer coating. The coating is
then peeled off the mica and dipped into a
solution to dissolve the proteins. This leaves
behind a polymer coating containing sugar-lined
pits in the exact shape of the specific proteins.
12
Life

• Implantable Materials - Tissue Regeneration
  Scaffolds
• Burns 1um pores

A is sponge-like collagen matrix provides an
"open scaffold" structure, which permits dermal
cells to migrate into and throughout the sponge
and to deposit human collagen and
glycosaminoglycans (human skin "biomatrix"). The
open pores allow the patients wound bed
fibroblasts to migrate in and rebuild the tissue.
13
Life

• Implantable Materials - Bone Repair
• Hydrocel
• chemical vapor
• deposition

14
Life

• Implantable Materials - Bioresorbable Materials

15
Life

• Implantable Materials - Bioresorbable Materials
• Scanning electron micrograph
• of human osteoblast cells
• attaching within a pore of
• a Bioglass porous foam
• Professor Julia Polak, DirectorImperial College
  Tissue
• Engineering Regenerative
• Medicine Centre

16
Life

• Implantable Materials - Smart Materials

17
Life

• Implantable Materials - Smart Materials

A fiber made of biodegradable memory plastic used
to tie a smart suture. After forming a loose
knot, the ends of the suture are fixed when
heated.
18
Life

• Implantable Materials - Smart Materials

Ray Baughman
19
Life

• Implantable Materials - Smart Materials
• Drug pumps
• Artificial muscles
• Guide wires

20
Life

• Implantable Sensors
• CardioMEMS microchip that could be implanted in
  the body to transmit information about blood flow
  and pressure wirelessly.

21
Life

• Implantible Medical Devices
• Coatings
• Sensors
• Drug other delivery
• Primarily MEMS

Medtronic, Inc
22
Life

• Sensory Aids
• Retina Implants

23
Life

• Sensory Aids
• Retina Implants

Makoto Ishida Department of Electrical
Electronic Engineering, Toyohashi University of
Technology
24
Life

• Sensory Aids
• Retina Implants

Makoto Ishida Department of Electrical
Electronic Engineering, Toyohashi University of
Technology
25
Life

• Cochlear Implants
• Coatings (rejection/infection)
• Finer electrode arrays
• Better on board signal processing

26
Life

• Smart Instruments
• can learn individual preferences and tendencies
  to provide automated assistance, thereby acting
  as an "intelligent assistant"
• i.e. biochips

27
Life

• Surgical Robots
• Scales the surgeon's hand into precise
  micro-movements at the operative site.

28
Life

• Ultra-sensitive Labeling and
• Detection Technologies
• Electrical impedance measurements of the live
  microorganism, Listeria innocua, injected into
  the chip demonstrate an easy method for detecting
  the viability of a few bacterial cells.
• Rafael Gómez, D. Akin, Rashid Bashir, School of
  Electrical and Computer Engineering
• T. Huang, M. Ladisch, Department of Agricultural
  and Biological Engineering
• T. Geng, A. Bhunia, Department of Food Sciences
• Purdue University

29
Life

• High Throughput Arrays and
• Multiple Analyses
• Affymetrix arrays hold over 500,000 DNA probe
  locations within 1.28 square centimeters

30
Life

• Imaging
• Nanoparticle Labels
• analytical electrophoresis
• colorimetric labels enzymatic diagnostic
  procedures
• DNA array testing
• Clinical DNA assays for drug efficacy
• Clinical DNA assays for nucleotide polymorphisms
• common DNA sequence variations among individuals
• Clinical DNA assays for multifactorial disease

Chad A. Mirkin Department of ChemistryNorthwester
n University
31
Life
Market Size gt68 billion Watch Agenda Partek
Celera Agilent Calipertech Mikrotechnik
Aclara Affymetrix Arraying Biodiscovery
Genelogic Molecular-sensing Rii Axon Nanogen
Lumicyte
32
Life

• 454 CORPORATION
• Accelrys Inc.
• ADVANCED MAGNETICS, INC.
• ADVECTUS LIFE SCIENCES, INC.
• Advion BioSciences Inc.
• ALCATEL Micro Machining Systems
• Alnis BioSciences, Inc.
• American Pharmaceutical Partners, Inc.
• AMERSHAM BIOSCIENCES
• ANSON NANO-BIOTECHNOLOGY (SHENZHEN) Co. LTD.
• APPLIED MOLECULAR EVOLUTION, INC.
• ARGONIDE CORP.
• ARTIMPLANT AB
• ASYLUM RESEARCH
• ATOMIC FORCE FE GmbH
• BAXTER HEALTHCARE CORPORATION
• BAYER CORP.
• BioDelivery Sciences International, Inc.
• BioForce Nanosciences, Inc.

CANTION A/S Capsulution NanoScience AG CELL
ROBOTICS INTERNATIONAL INC. Competitive
Technologies, Inc. CYTIMMUNE SCIENCES,
INC. Dendritic Nanotechnologies Limited DYNAL
BIOTECH ASA Eiffel Technologies Limited ELAN
CORPORATION, PLC Emergency Filtration Products
Inc. ENGENE OS, INC. EnviroSystems, Inc. Evident
Technologies, Inc. F. HOFFMANN-LA ROCHE
LTD. FERX, INC. Flamel Technologies,
Inc. GENEFLUIDICS GENICON SCIENCES
CORP. GENORX GILEAD SCIENCES IMEDD INC. IMPLEX
CORP. Innovative Micro Technology INSERT
THERAPEUTICS, INC. INSTITUT STRAUMANN
AG INTEGRATED NANOSYSTEMS, INC. ISOTRON
CORPORATION ItN Nanovation GmbH JPK INSTRUMENTS
AG
KnowmTech, LLC LIPLASOME PHARMA A/S METALLICUM
LLC MICROCHIPS MICROMOD PARTIKELTECHNOLOGIE
GMBH MOLECUBOTICS, INC. NANO-X GmbH NanobacLabs
Pharmaceuticals, Inc. NANOBIO CORPORATION NanoBioM
agnetics, Inc. (NBMI) NanoCarrier Co.,
Ltd. NANODELIVERY, INC. Nanofilm Technologie
GmbH NanoGram Devices Corporation NANOLYTICS,
INC. NANOMED PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. NANOMEDICA
INC. NANOMEDICA, INC. NANOMEDX GmbH NANOMIX
INC. NANOPHARM AG Nanoprex, Inc. NanoPro
Corp. NANOPROBES, INC. NANOSCALE COMBINATORIAL
SYNTHESIS, INC. NANOSPECTRA BIOSCIENCES,
INC. NANOSPHERE, INC. NANOSTREAM
INC. Nanostructures, Inc.
Nanotherapeutics, Inc. NANOTYPE GmbH NOVAGEN,
INC. NP NANOPRODUKTER AB NPOINT, INC. NPR
HEALTHCARE ODYSSEY PHARMACEUTICALS,
INC. ORTHOVITA, INC. OXFORD BIOSENSORS
LTD. OXONICA, LTD. PHARMASEQ, INC. Picoliter
Inc. POTENTIA PHARMACEUTICALS Power Paper
Ltd. PROLUME LTD. (NANOLIGHT TECHNOLOGIES) PROTEOM
E SYSTEMS PROTIVERIS pSivida Limited QinetiQ
Group PLC Quantum Dot Corporation Quantum
Insight QUANTUM LOGIC DEVICES, INC. QUANTUM
POLYMER TECHNOLOGIES RELAB AG Robiobotics,
LLC SCHERING AG SENSE PROTEOMIC
LIMITED SKYEPHARMA SOLEXA LTD. Solubest Ltd.
SPHERICS, INC. STAR INC. STARPHARMA GROUP SuNyx
Surface Nanotechnologies GmbH Surface Logix,
Inc. SURROMED, INC. Syrrx Inc. TAKARA BIO INC.
(TAKARA HOLDINGS INC.) TARGESOME, INC. TECAN
GROUP AG Teragenics, Inc. Thales Nanotechnology
Ltd Triton BioSystems, Inc. U.S.
Genomics Velbionanotech WESTAIM BIOMEDICAL
CORP. ZEPTOSENS AG ZYOMYX, INC. ZYVEX CORPORATION
33
Break
34
Basic Nanotechnology

• Commercial Activity

35
The Future

• The future,
• according to some scientists
• will be exactly like the past
• only far more expensive.
• -John Sladek

36
The Future

• Pundits vs. Science
• Intel will be manufacturing devices by 2007 with
  feature sizes about 20 nanometers across.
• A red blood cell is on the order of 10,000
  nanometers across.
• In 2 dimensions we could stack about 250,000
  components in the same space as a red blood cell.
• If the trends continue as far as 2017, which may
  be the end-point of Moores Law we could be
  looking at a manufactured device the size of a
  red blood cell with 256,000,000 components.
• If we add the third dimension, that could
  translate into 65,536,000,000,000,000 components.
• Somewhere along the way, were talking about the
  raw technical capability to produce a rather
  sophisticated robot small enough to wander around
  through your body doing whatever it has been
  programmed to do.
• If we make the robot 1/10,000th the volume of a
  red blood cell, were still talking about
  655,360,000 components, which is arguably perhaps
  enough to embody this machine with the ability to
  think, move, and do whatever we have programmed
  it to do.

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The Future

• What do we need?

38
The Future

• What do we need?
• Power Systems
• Locomotion Systems
• Control Systems
• Sensor Systems
• Actuator Systems
• Disposal Systems

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The Future

• Power Systems

40
The Future

• Batteries

41
The Future

• Thermoelectric

42
The Future

• Solar

78 atoms record is 58
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The Future

• Steam

44
The Future

• Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
• Hongyun Wang

45
The Future

• Brownian Motors

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The Future

• Locomotion Systems

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The Future

• Legs

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The Future

• Wings
• Dicopomorpha echmepterygis 0.139 mm

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The Future

• Rockets
• TRW

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The Future

• Tails

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The Future

• Control Systems

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The Future

• Micro processor

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The Future

• Analog Control

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The Future

• Qubit

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The Future

• Sensor Systems

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The Future

• Vision

57
The Future

• Chemical Gradient

olfactory nerve fibers from the garfish
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The Future

• Atomic Force

59
The Future

• Actuator Systems

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The Future

• Erosion

61
The Future

• Genetic

62
The Future

• Assembler

DNA replication operates at a rate of
approximately 180,000 atomic assemblies per
second with an error rate that is astonishingly
low. The standard mole weighs about 0.012
kilogram (about .4 ounce ro4 carbon) and
contains about 6 X 1023 atoms.
600,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 atoms. With an
assembly rate of 180,000 atoms per second, the
high-speed assembler in DNA could make half an
ounce of something in about 105,699,306,612
years. If the atoms dont stick together.
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The Future

• Disposal Systems

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The Future

• Taggant

Code M0929F5Size 75-150 microns
65
The Future

• Biodegradation

66
The Future

• Scavenging

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Other Futures
computing manufacturing life sciences aerospace
and defense
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Other Futures
computing
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Other Futures
manufacturing
70
Other Futures
life sciences
71
Other Futures
aerospace and defense
Grey Goo Blue Goo
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Other Futures
? Any sufficiently advanced technology is
indistinguishable from magic. - Arthur C. Clark
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Thank you
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