Chapter 10: Human Development Across the Life Span

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Chapter 10 Human Development Across the Life Span
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Development

• Physical, behavioral, cognitive, and personality
  changes or lack of changes that occur throughout
  the lifespan.

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Chronological Periods

• Prenatal
• Infancy
• Preschool/Early Childhood
• School Age/Middle Childhood
• Adolescence
• Early Adulthood
• Middle Adulthood
• Late Adulthood

• Conception Birth
• 0 to 2
• 2 to 5/6
• 6 to 12
• 12 to 20
• 20 to 40
• 40 to 65
• 65 and older

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Prenatal Period

• Conception - Birth

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Conception

• Zygote
• One-celled organism formed by the union of the
  sperm and the egg.
• Usually occurs in fallopian tubes.

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Female Reproductive Organs
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Fertilization
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• Egg is viable for
• 24 hours
• Sperm is viable for
• 3 to 5 days
• Unsafe period is from
• day 9 to 15 if ovulation occurs on day 14
• day 7 to 17 could be unsafe

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Progress Before BirthPrenatal Development

• 3 phases
• Germinal stage Conception to 2 weeks
• Conception
• Implantation
• Formation of placenta

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Fertilization
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• Many miscarriages happen at the end of the
  Germinal phase
• Many sexually active women of childbearing age
  have had a miscarriage and did not know it.

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Progress Before BirthPrenatal Development

• 3 phases
• Embryonic stage 2 weeks 2 months
• Formation of vital organs and systems
• Most birth defects occur during this stage
• Sexual differentiation

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Progress Before BirthPrenatal Development

• 3 phases
• Fetal stage 2 months birth
• Bodily growth continues, movement capability
  begins, brain cells multiply
• Age of viability 22 to 26 weeks
• Movement can be felt
• Average weight and height

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Figure 10.1 Overview of fetal development
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Environmental Factorsand Prenatal Development

• Maternal nutrition
• Malnutrition linked to increased risk of birth
  complications, neurological problems, and
  psychopathology
• Maternal drug use
• Tobacco, alcohol, prescription, and recreational
  drugs
• Fetal alcohol syndrome

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Environmental Factorsand Prenatal Development

• Maternal illness
• Rubella, syphilis, mumps, genital herpes, AIDS,
  severe influenza
• Prenatal health care
• Prevention through guidance

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Childhood

• 0-12 years

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The Childhood Years Motor Development

• Basic Principles
• Cephalocaudal trend head to foot
• Proximodistal trend center-outward
• Maturation gradual unfolding of genetic
  blueprint
• Developmental norms median age
• Cultural variations

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Attachment Theories

• Behaviorism
• Food is a reinforcer
• Harlows Monkeys
• Contact Comfort
• Bowlby
• Biological Basis
• Current
• Bi-directional

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Early Emotional Development Attachment

• Separation anxiety
• Ainsworth (1979)
• The strange situation and patterns of attachment
• Secure
• Anxious-ambivalent
• Anxious-Avoidant

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Becoming Unique Personality Development

• Stage theories, three components
• progress through stages in order
• progress through stages related to age
• major discontinuities in development
• Erik Erikson (1963)
• Eight stages spanning the lifespan
• Psychosocial crises determining balance between
  opposing polarities in personality

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Figure 10.6 Eriksons stage theory
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Eriksons Psychosocial Theory

• Trust vs. Mistrust
• Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
• Initiative vs. Guilt
• Industry vs. Inferiority
• Identity vs. Confusion
• Intimacy vs. Isolation
• Generativity vs. Stagnation
• Integrity vs. Despair

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The Growth of ThoughtCognitive Development

• Jean Piaget (1920s-1980s)
• Children think different at different ages
• Basic Concepts
• Schemes
• Adaptation
• Assimilation/
• Accommodation

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Figure 10.7 Piagets stage theory
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Cognitive DevelopmentJean Piaget

• 4 stages and major milestones
• Sensorimotor
• Object permanence
• Preoperational
• Centration, Egocentrism
• Concrete Operational
• Decentration, Reversibility, Conservation
• Formal Operational
• Abstraction

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Figure 10.8 Piagets conservation task
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Evaluating Piagets Theory

• Criticisms
• Piaget underestimated childrens abilities
• Problems with stage theories
• Universality
• Vygotskys sociocultural theory

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The Development of Moral Reasoning

• Kohlberg (1976)
• Reasoning as opposed to behavior
• Moral dilemmas
• Measured nature and progression of moral
  reasoning
• 3 levels, each with 2 sublevels
• Preconventional
• Conventional
• Postconventional

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Figure 10.10 Kohlbergs stage theory
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Adolescence Physiological Changes

• Puberty
• Secondary sex characteristics
• Primary sex characteristics
• Menarche
• Spermarche
• Maturation early vs. late

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Figure 10.12 Physical development at puberty
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Adolescence Neural Changes

• Increasing myelinization
• Changes in prefrontal cortex

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The Search for Identity

• Erik Erikson (1968)
• Key challenge - forming a sense of identity
• James Marcia (1988)
• Four identity statuses
• Identity diffusion
• Identity foreclosure
• Identity moratorium
• Identity achievement

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The Expanse of Adulthood

• Early Adulthood
• Middle Adulthood
• Late Adulthood