civilization

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civilization

• 1.an advanced state of human society, in which a
  high level of culture, science, industry, and
  government has been reached.
• 2.those people or nations that have reached such
  a state.
• 3.any type of culture, society, etc., of a
  specific place, time, or group Greek
  civilization.
• 4.the act or process of civilizing or being
  civilized Rome's civilization of barbaric tribes
  was admirable.
• 5.cultural refinement refinement of thought and
  cultural appreciation The letters of Madame de
  Sévigné reveal her wit and civilization.
• 6.cities or populated areas in general, as
  opposed to unpopulated or wilderness areas The
  plane crashed in the jungle, hundreds of miles
  from civilization.
• 7.modern comforts and conveniences, as made
  possible by science and technology After a week
  in the woods, without television or even running
  water, the campers looked forward to civilization
  again.

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Sowhere is the West?

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Mercator Mapwhat youre used to
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New World Map anyone?
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How about McArthur?
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Or does Peter have it correct?
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WHAT IS THE WEST?

• A geographic area Ex. Europe and North Am.
• An idea Ex. Christianity, democracy
• People Ex. race, culture
• Origins of Western Civilization lay in the
  civilizations of
• A) Ancient Rome
• B) Ancient Greece
• C) Ancient Egypt
• D) Mesopotamia

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Mesopotamia The Cradle of Civilization
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Map of Ancient Trade Routes From Mesopotamia to
Egypt and the Mediterranean Sea
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Earliest Civilization the Fertile Crescent

• Categorized as the earliest of all civilizations
  as people formed permanent settlements
• Mesopotamia is a Greek word that means between
  the rivers
• Specifically, the area between the Tigris River
  and Euphrates River (present day Iraq)

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Legacies of Mesopotamia

• Revolutionary innovations emerged in Mesopotamia
  such as
• codified laws
• the concept of kinship and the city-state
• the building of places of worship (ziggurats)
• the birthplace of writing (cuneiform)
• Invention of the wheel
• Oldest written records of a story of creation
  date back to Mesopotamia
• First civilization to make a prosperous living
  based on large scale agriculture

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Ancient Egypt
Ancient Egypt
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A Map of Ancient Egypt
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Geography

• Highlights of Ancient Egyptian History
• Death and the afterlife was an integral part of
  Egyptian life
• Science and technology pyramids, chariots, army,
  expansion of empire
• Agriculture, city-states

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Ancient Greece
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Legacies of Greece

• Thought
• Language
• Politics
• Philosophy
• Art and architecture
• Myths and literature

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Trojan War

• event or legend in Mycenaean history
• Two epic poems by Homer Iliad and Odyssey
  describe the Trojan War
• Approximately 1194-1184 BCE
• Greeks vs Troy
• Helen of Sparta Paris of Troy the face that
  launched a thousand ships
• Achilles, Odysseus, Hector, Agamemnon and the
  Trojan Horse

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Origins of DemocracyDemos people kratos
rule

• Monarchy and Kings
• Rise in power of aristocracy
• Hoplites c. 675-650 BCE
• Age of tyrants
• Democratic Reforms by Cleisthenes Three
  Pillars of Athenians Democracy 1.
  Council of 500 2. Assembly 3.
  Courts policy of ostracism
• Athens lived under a radically democratic
  government from 508 until 322 BCE. The People
  governed themselves, debating and voting
  individually on issues great and small, from
  matters of war and peace to the proper
  qualifications for ferry-boat captains

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Timeline of Ancient Rome
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Roman Republic (509 BCE)

• Roman Republic Res Publica (public matter)
• SPQR Senatus Populusque Romanus or the Senate
  and the People of Rome
• Resulted from discontent of tyrannical Etruscan
  monarchy
• A combination of aristocracy, oligarchy and
  democracy

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Expansion Trade

• Over next 400 years, Romes expansion was driven
  by its need to expand itstrade and eventually by
  greed
• defeated the Gauls 390 BCE
• gained resources in Sicily (grain)
  Spain(cooking oil) other cities in east (wine,
  produce, leather and woolen goods)
• Expansion in south led to clashes with the
  trading peoples called the Carthaginians (North
  Africa)
• Increase in military activity led to massive
  increase in the trade in arms and armour
• Creation of colonies that were composed of full
  Roman citizens who remained loyal (ie. discharged
  soldiers) and were linked by roads and a unified
  currency

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Daily Life in the Republic

• Very religious and superstitious tendencies
  (integrated Greek, Etruscan and Roman deities)
• Belief in werewolves and all forms of magic,
  laying curses, casting spells and foretelling the
  future and astrology
• All actions (political and military) were made
  with omens of nature which would signal approval
  from the gods
• Inheritance of property was most important
  element
• Adoption of males was very common (ie. Caesar
  adopted Octavian, the son of his niece)
• Arranged marriages were common

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Latin

• Romans spoke Latin,which spread throughout the
  Mediterranean (only Greek survived)
• For next thousand years, Latin was the language
  ofRoman government, legal system and became the
  international language of the Christian church,
  education and scholarship
• Latin still to this day has a strong presence in
  language of medicine and law

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Examples of Latin

• Veni, vidi, vici
• I am, I saw, I conquered
• Alter ego
• another I
• Bona fide
• in good faith
• Et cetera
• and other

• Exit or exenut
• He / she / they go out
• Habeas corpus
• you must have the fact / body of the crime
• Via
• by way of
• Vice versa
• the other way around

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The First Triumvirate

• In 60 BCE, three Roman Generals Pompey, Crassus
  and Caesar formed the First Triumvirate Rule of
  Three Men
• Plan was to usurp the Roman Republic, backed with
  the power of their armies
• Crassus was killed in battle, and then Caesar set
  out to defeat Pompey (which he did)
• 46 BCE, Julius Caesar, appointed himself
  dictator for 10 years andthen extended it for
  life as well appointed himself PontifexMaximus
  (Chief Priest)
• 44BCE- March 15th, the Ides of March, Caesar was
  assassinatedby self proclaimed defenders
  ofliberty

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THE ROMAN EMPIRE
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Successors to Augustus The Good, the Bad and
the Ugly

• Tiberus
• Caligula
• Claudius
• Nero
• Trajan
• Hadrian
• Contantine
• Diocletian

TRAJAN
CONSTANTINE
HADRIAN
DIOCLETIAN
NERO
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Architecture

• Roman sculptures developed own styles with
  triumphal arches, columns and symbols and figures
  that celebrated the victories of conquering
  emperors
• Hadrians Wall
• Roman Aqueducts
• Pantheon
• Thermal Baths
• Colosseum (Flavian Amphitheatre) built in 80 CE
  by Emperor Titus
• Circus, theatres

Arch of Titus
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Religions in the Roman Empire

• Cult of Isis- Egypt religion that worshiped Isis
  (wife of Osiris and mother of Horus) was very
  popular in Roman Empire (Pompeii there was a
  temple)
• Mithraism- Persian deity was popular among
  soldiers and merchants as they traveled to far
  East (ritual killing of bull)
• Christianity- became popular as it preached
  equality (slave, noble ) could achieve salvation
  but Christians were the most persecuted among the
  rising religions (ie. Nero and Great Fire in
  Rome)
• Judaism- Diaspora (dispersion) in 586 BCE spread
  out Jews but by 4th century CE, there were 11
  synagogues in Rome

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Fall of West

• By 5th century CE, successive invasions by the
  barbarians fromnorth (Germanic tribes consisting
  of Goths, Visigoths, Alans, Franks,Vandals and
  Huns)
• Effort by Roman Emperors to accommodate and
  settle them, but eventually the barbarians swept
  through the Roman empire creating smaller
  kingdoms run by Germanic monarchs
• 476 CE, 1200 years after the founding of Rome,
  the Western Empire came to an end
• Main reasons menacing movements of barbarians,
  high inflation and crashing economy, slavery,
  rise of Christianity and decline of idea of an
  eternal Rome and Roman supremacy

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Judaism influence on the West

• Bible Creation story
• Monotheism belief in one God
• Jesus - prophet

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A New Era

• After the fall of the West, the Roman Empire
  centred in Constantinople and was transformed
  into Byzantium (until 1453)
• Despite the fall of Rome, its influences
  transcended to the Middle Ages (language of
  Latin, laws, religion of Christianity and
  culture)
• People of Europe became more Romanized after
  Rome fell than ever before