?????? ?????

1
?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????
????? ????? ???????? (????? ????? ???????? ??
???????? ??? ???????) ????? ?????? ???????????
??????
?????
?.?. ???? ????? ????
??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????
????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???
2

• ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????

• ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ???????.
• ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????????
  ????????.
• ??? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ????????
  ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? .
• ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ??????? ????
  ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ????????.
• ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????
  ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ?????
  ?????? ?????? (???????- ????).
• ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????
  ????? ??????? ????????? (???????) ?? ???? ?????
  ???? ???????.
• ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ????
  ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????.

3

• ????? ????????

???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????
(??????).

• ?????? ??????

• ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??
  ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????.
• ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????????
  ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?
  ??????? ( ???? ???????).

• ?????? ??????? ???????

• ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ??????????.
• ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????????.
• ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????
  ??? ????? ???????.

4

• ?????? ?????? (??????)

• ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????????.
• ??????? ????????? ??????.
• ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ????????.

• ?????? ????????

• ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????????.

• ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ????????.

• ?????? ?????????

• ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????
  ?????????????
• ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??
  ???????.

5

• ?????? ??????

• ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???
  ????????? ??????? ???????.
• ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??????
  ??????? ???????? ??????????? ?? ??????? ???????
  ??? ??????? ???????.

• ?????? ?????? ??????? (???????)

• ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ??
  ?????? ( ??????).
• ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ( ?????????)
  ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???????.

• ?????? ???????

• ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ????????? ?? ??????
  ? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????.
• ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????
  ???????? ? ??????? ... ???.

6
????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ??
?????? ??????? (???????) ???????? ?? ????? ?????
????????
??????????? ??????? - STERIO ISOMERISM
??????????

• ???? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?
  ?????????
• ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????.

• ??????????

• ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ??
  ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????
  ??????????? ??????? (???? ??????).
• ??????? ???? ?? ?????????? ?????? (?????? ?????
  ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????) .
• ????? ???? ????? ????????? ??????? .

7

• ????????????

• ???? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????
  ??????.
• ???? ????? ????? C ????? ??? ??????? ??????
  H ????? ??? ?????????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???
  ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????
  ????? ??? ???

• ??????

C C H H H
8

• ????? ????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???
  ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?????.

• ??????

M-TARTARIC ACID L-TARTARIC ACID D-TARTARIC ACID
MEROR IMAGES RACEMIC MIXTURE GEOMETRICAL ISOMERS OPTICAL ISOMERS
GEOMETRICAL ISOMERISM E-CROTONIC ACID Z-CROTONIC ACID
CROTONIC ACID TARTARIC ACID OPTICAL ISOMERSISM CHIRALITY
9

• ????? ????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???
  ?????? ?? ???
• ??? ????? ????? 4 ??????? (CH3 )?6 ???????
  ??? ?? (Cl,OH)
• ?8 ??????? (COOH)

• ??????

CH3 OH Cl
COOH

• ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????????? - 21 ???
  ????? ??????? ?????? ??? 21 ??????????? ??? ??
  ???? ???.

10
????? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????
1- ???? ?? 6- ???? ??????? ??????? ???????(C)
2 - ???? ?? 6- ????? ??????? ???????
?????????? (H) 3- ????? ?? 6- ???? ???????
??????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????? 6-
?????? ??? OH - COOH 4-(??) ???? ?? 6-
???? ??? ???????? ??????. D- TARTARIC ACID-
L-TARTARIC ACID- M-TARTARIC ACID- OPTICAL
ISOMERISM- MEROR IMAGES/ RACEMIC MIXTURE
11

• (?? )????? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ???????
  ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????
  ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ???
  ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????
  ?????? ??????.
• -(?? )????? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ???????
  
• OPTICAL ISOMERISM
• ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????.

12

• (??) ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????
• M-TARTARIC ACID ??? ??? ?? ?????? ??????
  ??????.
• - ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???
  ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ????
  ??????? ??????? .
• -(??) ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????
  ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ???.

13
- ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????
?????????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? .
-(??) ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????
??????( OH)??? ???? ???? ?? ???. - ??????
??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????( COOH)??? ????
?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ???. - ???? ???
??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????
???????? ?????????.
14

???? ???? ???? ???????? - ?????? ???? ???
???????????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???
??? (??? 1). - ??? ?? ?????? ????? ????????
????????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????. - ?? ?? ???
????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????.
15
??? (1 )
16

• - (??) ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????
  D-TARTARIC ACID
• 
  ??? ??? ?? ????? ??????.
• (?? )???? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???
  ???????? ???
• ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???????.
• ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????
  ?????????? ??? ??? ??????
• ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????.

-(??) ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????
??????( OH)??? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????
??????? ???? ????? ??????. - ?????? ??? ??????
?? ???? ????? ??????( COOH)??? ???? ?? ??????
?????? ??? ?? ???. - ???? ??? ??????? ?????
??????? ???????? ???? ????? ????????
?????????.
17

• ???? ???? ???? ????????
• - ?????? ???? ??? D??????( ??? 2).
• - ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????? (OH ) ??? ???
  ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? (H) ??? ??? ???????
  ???????.
• - ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????.
• ?? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???
  ???? ???? ????.
• - (??) ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????
  L-TARTARIC ACID
• ??? ??? ?? ???? ??????.
• (?? )???? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???
  ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ????
  ???????.

18

• ???? ???? ???? ????????
• - ?????? ???? ??? D??????( ??? 26).
• - ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????? (OH ) ??? ???
  ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? (H) ??? ??? ???????
  ???????.
• - ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????.
• ?? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???
  ???? ???? ????.
• - (??) ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????
  L-TARTARIC ACID
• ??? ??? ?? ???? ??????.
• (?? )???? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???
  ???????? ???
• ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???????.

19
(??) ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????
??????? ?????? ??? ???????.
?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????
?????????? (H) ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????
?????? ???? ????? ??????.
(??) ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????
??????( OH) ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????
???? ????? ??????.
- ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????(
COOH)??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??
???. -???? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????
???? ????? ???????? ?????????.
20
???? ???? ???? ???????? - ?????? ???? ???
L?????? (??? 26). - ??? ?? ???? ???? ??????
(OH ) ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? (H)???
??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????. - ?? ??? ?????
?? ???? ???? ????? ?????. - ?? ????? ??????
?????? ??????? ????? D-TARTERIC ???????
?????? ??????? ????? L-TARTERIC ?? ??????
????? ?????? ?? ??????. - ??? ?? ?????? ?????
???????? ????????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????.
21
(No Transcript)
22
???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???????
MEROR IMAGES/ RACEMIC MIXTURE ??? ??? ????
??????? ?????? ???????? ? D,L-TARTARIC
???? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ???????????
?????? - ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????????
???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????
?????? .
- ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????
????? ???????? ?????????.
23
-(?? ) ????? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ????
??????? GEOMETRICAL ISOMERISM
???? ??? ??????. (??) ????? ?????? ??? ??????
???? ????? Z-CROTONIC ACID ??? ??? ??
?????? ?????? ??????. - ???? ???? ???????
???????? ???? ???? ??? ?????????? ??????
??????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????. -(??) ?????
?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??????
??? ???????.

• ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????
  ?????????? ??? ???? ???? ??
• ???.

24

• ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????( COOH)?
  CH3))?? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ???.
• - ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????
  ????? ???????? ?????????.

???? ???? ???? ???????? - ??????
???? ??? Z-CROTONIC ???? ?????? ????
???????. ?????? ??? ??? ( ??? 3 )
.

• ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????????
  (?????????) ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???
  ???? ????????-Z .

• ?? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????????? ???????? ????
  ??? ???? ????????? ?????.

25
(No Transcript)
26
-(?? ) ????? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ????
??????? E-CROTONIC ACID ??? ??? ?? ??????
?????? ??????. - (??)???? ???? ??????? ????????
???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????????? ??????
??????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????. -(??) ?????
?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??????
??? ???????.
- ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????
?????? (H) ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???????
?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????.
- ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????(
COOH)?((CH3)??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??
???.
27
- ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????
????? ???????? ?????????.
???? ???? ???? ???????? - ??????
???? ??? ((E-CROTONIC (???28) ????
- ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????
?? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????
????????-E .

• ?? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????????? ???????? ????
  ??? ???? ????????? ?????.

.
- ???? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ???????????
??????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ????????
?? ?????? ??? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????
??????? ????????.
28
(No Transcript)