(Corporate) Environmental Management Systems (EMS)

1
(Corporate) Environmental Management
Systems(EMS)
Business of tomorrow is not only about products
or productivity it is more about the way how
business is done  
2
Agenda

• Sustainable indicator systems
• Management systems
• Characteristics of an EMS, e.g.
• ISO 14001
• EMAS
• Requirements for an EMS in a company
• Example Life Cycle Assessment
• Assignment Ecological Footprint

3
1. Sustainable indicator systems
4
1. Sustainable indicator systems
5
1. Sustainable indicator systems

• Develop written environmental policy
• Baseline resource use and waste
• Determine significant aspects and impacts
• Set action plans for priority aspects
• General environmental awareness training
• Control legal and other requirements

6
1. Sustainable indicator systems

• Environmental Aspect
• Element of an organisations activities,
  products or services that can interact with and
  impact the environment
• Environmental Criteria
• Surroundings in which an organisation
  interacts, including air, water, land, natural
  resources, biodiversity (flora fauna), human
  health and their interrelation
• Environmental Impact
• Any change to the environment, whether adverse
  or beneficial, wholly or partially resulting from
  an organisations activities, products or services

7
1. Sustainable indicator systems

• Six Step Environmental Management Plan
• Create an Environmental Policy Statement
• Determine Environmental Priorities
• Define Actions to Address Priorities
• Implement the Plan
• Measure Effectiveness
• Review
• This will put your mind on a path to
  sustainability and continuous environmental
  improvement

8
1. Sustainable indicator systems
9
1. Sustainable indicator systems
10
2. Management system

• A management system means what the organisation
  has to manage concerning its processes or
  activities in order that
• its products or services meet the organisations
  objectives, such as
• satisfying the customer's requirements,
• complying to regulations or
• meeting environmental objectives

11
2. Management systems (e.g.)
Quality Management and Environmental Management

• ISO 9001 and ISO 14001 are among ISO's most well
  known standards ever.
• They are implemented by more than a million
  organisations in 175 countries.
• ISO 9001 helps organisations to implement quality
  management.
• ISO 14001 helps organisations to implement
  environmental management.

12
2. Management system
Quality Management and Environmental Management

• ISO 9001 is for quality management.
• Quality refers to all those features of a product
  (or service) which are required by the customer.
• Quality management means what the organisation
  does to
• ensure that its products or services satisfy the
  customer's quality requirements and
• comply with any regulations applicable to those
  products or services.

13
2. Management systems
ISO 9001 Quality Management (development
2003-2007)
www.iso.org
14
2. Management systems
Environmental Management

• ISO 14001 is for environmental management. This
  means what the organisation does to
• minimize harmful effects on the environment
  caused by its activities,
• to conform to applicable regulatory requirements,
  and to
• achieve continual improvement of its
  environmental performance.

15
2. Management system
Quality Management and Environmental Management

• ISO 9001 and ISO 14001 are generic standards.
• Generic means that the same standards can be
  applied
• to any organisation, large or small, whatever its
  product or service is,
• in any sector of activity, and
• whether it is a business enterprise, a public
  administration or a government department.

16
3. Characteristics of an EMS
ISO 14001SYSTEMIC REQUIREMENTS4.1
CONTINUOUS IMPROVEMENT
MANAGEMENT REVIEW 4.6
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY 4.2
VERIFICATION CORRECTIVE ACTION 4.5
PLANNING 4.3
IMPLEMENTATION OPERATION 4.4
17

ISO 14001

• Most widely recognised and adopted standard
• gt 130,000 organisations certified worldwide
• Well established, good reputation
• Internationally recognised
• Can take a long time to implement especially
  within large complex organisations
• Can be costly to implement tools and
  consultancy
• See additionally http//www.praxiom.com/iso-14001
  .htm

18

EMAS

• Eco-Management Audit Scheme
• Participation started in 1995
• EMAS Regulation was adopted by the EU Council
  in 2001.
• about 4.500 participating Europe wide (June
  2010)
• Compatible with ISO 14001 but more stringent
  and prescriptive, e.g public reporting,
  the demonstration of legal compliance

19
EMAS goes further than ISO 14001
EMAS
Public Reporting
EmployeesParticipation
ISO/EN ISO 14001(2004)
Legal Compliance
Performance improvement
20
EMAS is a systematic approach
Initial env. review
Continuous improvement
PLAN
Environmental policy
ACT
Management review
Planification
CHECK
Implementation
DO
Monitoring and measurement
21
EMAS in Europe
22
EMAS in Germany andthe Netherlands

• Total number
• of records
• Austria
• Belgium
• Germany
• France
• Italy
• Netherlands
• Slovakia
• Spain
• Total

• Country Number
• of sites
• 616
• 445
• 1.887
• 34
• 1.460
• 5
• 6
• 1.527
• 7.738

• Number of
• Organisations
• 250
• 60
• 1.395
• 34
• 1.035
• 5
• 5
• 1.217
• 4513

23
EMAS in different sectors (Germany)
24

ISO 14001 vs. EMAS
ISO 14001 EMAS
Performance improvement required periodically no defined frequency. Annual performance improvement required.
An initial environmental review is recommended, but is not a requirement. An obligatory initial environmental review is required when the organisation initially sets out its environmental status.
Only a commitment to comply with applicable legal requirements. There is no compliance audit. Obligation to demonstrate full legal compliance, which is confirmed with a compliance audit.
No open communication with the public regarding the progress and results of the EMS. Public Environmental Statements are annually produced for the public to access.
Involvement of employees is not required. Active involvement of employees and their representatives is required throughout.
25
4. EMS Requirements for a company
Baseline or Initial Environmental Review

• Identify scope of the review
• Entire organisation or just parts
• Activities/operations you can control and those
  that you can influence
• Identify which key activities cause environmental
  impact
• Waste production
• Energy use
• Production itself
• Procurement
• Water use
• Grounds Maintenance
• Transport
• Construction
• Identify significant areas for review e.g.
• Estates
• Production
• Procurement

26
4. EMS Requirements for a company
Baseline or Initial Environmental Review e.g.
Waste

• Produce a checklist for an initial environmental
  review of Waste Management and Electricity
• Identify key roles, responsibilities and
  competence Managers, Operational Staff,
  Contractors
• Review history of the site - Audits, Incidents,
  Complaints,
• Identify activities that Legislation will apply
  to.
• Identify current practices and procedures
• Remember This is a initial or baseline review
  so dont loose yourself in too much details!

27
4. EMS Requirements for a company
Aspects and Impacts

Activity Aspects Impacts
Disposal of general waste Use of natural resources, emissions to air, releases to land, use of land space. Depletion of natural resources, climate change, local public nuisance, contamination and depletion of land.
(Use of electricity Use of natural resources, emissions to air Depletion of natural resources, climate change)

Complete the aspects and impacts on the template
register
28
4. EMS Requirements for a company

Suggested Scoring Matrix
Criteria Severity Score
Legislation or regulation Legislation/regulation applied 5
Level of associated impact High Of importance locally and/or nationally 5
Low not considered of significant importance locally and/or nationally 2
Stakeholder concern High stakeholder concern evident 5
Low stake holder concern not evident 2

Significant aspect score 4-5 You may want to
add in more complex criteria and medium levels
(2-3)
29
4. EMS Requirements for a company
The Environmental Policy

• Your Policy will
• Be informed by your baseline audit and aspects
  and impacts analysis
• Form a framework for setting objectives and
  targets
• Your policy must
• Be relevant to the nature, scale and activities
  of the organisation
• Undergo senior management consultation and
  endorsement
• Include key commitments Legal compliance,
  Continual Improvement, Pollution Prevention
• Be regularly reviewed and publically available
• Also consider that the best Policies
• Are short and clear (one-page document)
• Make meaningful, easily understood commitments
• Written using clear, direct language that is
  accessible to a wide variety of audiences.
• Make a statement of overall responsibility and
  ownership

30
Examples (be concrete)


Objective Target Indicator
(To ensure legal compliance To achieve 100 legal compliance by 2011 Number of identified legal non-compliances)
To reduce waste going to landfill Increase recycling rate to 50 by 2011 1) Tonnes of waste going to landfill 2) Tonnes of waste recycled
(To reduce energy consumption 10 reduction in energy consumption by 2011 KWh of electricity)
... ... ...
31
5. Life Cycle Assessment
A simple overview of a complex process
everything is connected
Source R. E. Ricklefs Economy of Nature
32
Learning Objectives

1. Get acquainted with LCA
2. Understand how to conceptually apply the main
   steps of LCA
3. Understand some of the difficulties and/or
   limitations of each LCA step

33
Life Cycle Analysis (LCA)
LCA is a method that considers energy and raw
material consumption, different types of
emissions and other important factors related to
a specific products entire life cycle from an
environmental point of view.
34
LCA Brief History

• Started in the early 1970s to investigate energy
  requirements of different processes
• Emissions and raw materials were considered later
• Numerous variants of LCA methods were
  developed and/or investigated initially
• A widely accepted series of guidelines and
  definitions was published by the Society of
  Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC)
• Today ISO 14040-14044 is considered the LCA
  standard

35
LCA Main Steps
Step 1 Goal Definition Scope (ISO
14040) Step 2 Inventory Analysis (ISO
14041) Step 3 Impact Assessment (ISO
14042) Step 4 Improvement Assessment /
Interpretation (ISO 14043)
36
5. Life Cycle Assessment
Introduction to Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
37
5. Life Cycle Assessment
Life Cycle Stages
38
The more processes, the more complex
5. Life Cycle Assessment
Energy
Water
Water
Energy
Manufacturing Process
Energy
Water
Manufacturing Process
Raw Materials
Manufacturing Process
Gas Waste
Raw Materials
Gas Waste
Solid Waste
Liquid Waste
Solid Waste
Liquid Waste
Gas Waste
Water
Raw Materials
Energy
Solid Waste
Liquid Waste
Manufacturing Process
End Product
Gas Waste
Solid Waste
Liquid Waste
39
and more! Everything is changing
5. Life Cycle Assessment
40
5. Life Cycle Assessment Framework ISO 1404x
Improvement Assessment /
41
Example Coffee Maker
Source http//home.howstuffworks.com/coffee-maker
.htm
42
Step 1 Goal Definition Scope

• Establish purpose goal
• Define decision criteria, function functional
  unit
• Define system boundaries
• Life cycle stages (top right)
• Time
• Place (down right world/country etc.)
• Determine required data quality / sources

43
Step 1 Coffee Maker

• Purpose of LCA?
• Determine how to improve the environmental
  performance of a coffee maker
• Decision criteria?
• Total energy consumed, equivalent CO2 produced,
  eco-indicator 99 score
• Function of a coffee maker?
• Functional units?
• Cups of coffee poured, Time coffee is warmed
• System boundaries?
• Five years of use, Europe, production, use
  end-of-life stages

44
Difficulties Limitations of Step 1

• How do you compare different products that
  provide similar functions or services?
• How do you compare similar products that provide
  multiple functions or services?
• How do you define more abstract functional units
  such as entertainment from toys or higher
  self-respect?
• Where do you stop drawing the bounds to your
  system?

45
Step 2 Inventory Analysis

1. Make a process tree or flow chart classifying
   events in a products life cycle
2. Determine all mass and energy inputs and outputs
3. Collect relevant data!
4. Make assumptions for missing data
5. Establish (correct) material and energy
   balance(s) for each stage and event

46
Step 2 Inventory Analysis (cont.)
Input/output diagram for single stage or unit
operation
Source EPA Life-Cycle Design Guidance Manual,
EPA Report no. EPA/600/R-92/226, p. 104.
47
Step 2 Coffee Maker
Understand the product components materials
first
Rested (bottom) View
Top (internal) View
Bottom (internal) View
Heater View
Total View
Source http//home.howstuffworks.com/coffee-maker
.htm
48
Step 2 Coffee Maker (cont.)
Simplified process tree for coffee maker
Source http//www.pre.nl/download/EI99_Manual.pdf
49
Step 2 Coffee Maker (cont.)
Lifecycle inventory for coffee maker
Boxes for packagingare not included in
assessment/inventory
Source http//www.pre.nl/download/EI99_Manual.pdf
50
Difficulties Limitations of Step 2

• Finding data is hard and usually very time-
  consuming
• Published data on material loads exists, but is
  often inconsistent and/or not directly applicable
• Obtained data is usually discrete, static and
  linear (makes many simplifying assumptions)
• Mistakes are easily made in quantification
• Mass and energy balances may not be correct
• Results can be generalized improperly

51
Step 3 Impact Analysis

1. Define impact categories
2. Determine which loads affect different impact
   categories
3. Assign indicators to impact categories
4. Weigh importance of each category

52
Step 3 Paper or Plastic?
Which is better?...
53
Step 3 Coffee Maker
Source http//www.pre.nl/download/EI99_Manual.pdf
54
Difficulties Limitations of Step 3

• Subjective, subjective, subjective!
• Impact categories chosen
• Indicators chosen for impact categories
• How metrics / load affect impact indicators
• Weightings used for impact categories
• Where are the impacts occurring?
• U.S., Europe, Brazil?
• Is there damage already in the area being
  impacted?
• How much can that area take before it breaks
  down? Or can it handle it without any problems?
• How are managers and engineers supposed to
  know the effects of every load on the different
  impacts?

55
Step 4 Improvement Analysis

• Identify areas opportunities for improvement
• Evaluate with respect to the original goal
  definition
• Target lifecycle areas/processes/events with
  large impacts
• Large amounts with low hazard
• Small amounts with high hazard
• Ask yourselfWhat are the resources required and
  risks involved?

56
Step 4 Coffee Maker
How to improve coffee maker? Where should we
focus?
Source http//www.pre.nl/download/EI99_Manual.pdf
57
General Comments / Discussion

• A domestic coffee maker is a simple product
• How would it be different from a commercial
  coffee maker (e.g. Starbucks)?
• It is fairly representative of appliances - main
  impact is use phase
• What other products is their main impact in the
  use phase?
• Which products is their main impact the
  production or disposal phase?

Table Source Figures from 1st Slide Ashby and
coauthors, 2004, The CES Eco-Selector
background reading, 2nd edition, University of
Cambridge and Granta Design, pp. 1-32.
58
Summary

• Focus should be on the products entire
  lifecycle, not the product itself
• We saw the main steps of LCA (ISO 14040-14043)
• We saw the limitations difficulties of each
  step of LCA
• While LCA has various limitations, its underlying
  philosophy is right on

59
6. Assignment Ecological Footprint

• Assignments for week 9
• (Introduction ecological footprint)
• please read the document on PB Works
• and make the 2 assignments
• fill in your own ecological footprint
• answer a few questions relating to this method.
• ? bring the results in class