ELBOW PARTNERS

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ELBOW PARTNERS

• Sit with a partner whom you have not worked with
  this semester!

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What is rhetorical analysis?

• deconstructing nonfiction texts speeches,
  essays, editorials, etc. and evaluating how the
  author creates meaning, establishes and proves
  his/her claim
• making judgments about whether or not an author
  has succeeded in his or her purpose
• RhetoricAnalyzing techniques that make
  persuasion possible

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Speaker/Writer (Ethos)
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Ethos- credibility of the speaker

• Writers/speakers ask the audience to
• -trust them (intelligence, goodwill and virtue)
• -believe them
• -to bear with them
• -to listen to them
• Readers/Audiences must question
• the speakers authority, trustworthiness,
• motives.
• --You must consider the writers integrity and
  attitude towards his/her audience.

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Ethosestablishing authority/credibility
by

• Demonstrating knowledge about the topic
  (position, job title, experience, etc.)
• Establishing common ground with the audience
  through respect and concern
• Demonstrating fairness and evenhandedness
• Displaying confidence

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• Establishing Confidence and Credibility
• Presenting yourself in a suitable manner
  physical appearance
• Connecting your beliefs to core principles that
  are widely respected
• Using appropriate language for the audience,
  neither speaking above nor below their
  capabilities.
• Citing credible, reliable sources
• Admitting limitations, exceptions, or weaknesses
  of your argument. Making these concessions
  (anticipating the potential rebuttals of your
  audience) makes the audience belief that you have
  respect for them and that you have carefully
  considered your position.

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Logoslogic

• word or reason
• Rational argument
• Logic behind the arguments
• Examples
• -factual evidence for support
• Nine out of ten doctors agree
• Examples
• statistics, charts, graphs, definitions,
  surveys,. polls, examples, narratives, personal
  testimonies etc.

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Evaluating Polls

• There are three important considerations to
  consider when evaluating polls
• The source who commissioned the poll, who
  published it, and any associated bias.
• The statistical methodology --who was
  interviewed, how they were interviewed.
• The questions how were they asked, in what
  order, with what language?

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Pathos-emotional appeals

• PATHOSthe quality or power of evoking the
  audiences emotions
• Primarily achieved through the use of strong
  emotional diction (evocative words)
• Powerful images that evoke emotions
• Anecdotes stories
• Immediacy contributes to the effectiveness of
  emotional appeals
• Pathos appeals to the heart and to ones
  emotions.

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PathosExamples

• Stories or testimonials
• Personal anecdotes or stories
• Personal connections
• Imagery and figurative language that provokes an
  emotional response
• Visual images or words that inspire you to
  empathize or have compassion towards the
  idea/topic
• Powerful words, phrases, or images that stir up
  emotion

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See HANDOUT pg. 7
pathos
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logos
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ethos
1
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Style

• refers to the choices one makes that involve
  words, phrases, and sentences.
• should appropriate for authors purpose and
  affects the way that a reader reacts to a piece.
• Four aspects of Style are
• Diction
• Imagery
• Syntax
• Figures of speech

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Diction

• This is word choice.
• --General vs. Specific words.
• --Formal versus Informal
• --Denotation and connotation.
• --Monosyllabic words and polysyllabic words.
• SEE HANDOUT pg. 2

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DictionCharged Words

• Charged words are words with strong connotations
  beyond their literal meaning that are likely to
  produce an emotional response.
• Tyranny (evokes a feeling of fear, suggests
  living in a state of terror)
• Liberty (suggests an ideal life characterized by
  freedom)
• Justice (can be associated with freedom and
  equality)
• Honor (evokes a sense of morality and dignity)

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• He King George is at this time transporting
  large armies of foreign mercenaries to complete
  the works of death, desolation, and tyranny,
  already begun with circumstances of cruelty and
  perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous
  ages, and totally unworthy the head of a
  civilized nation.

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Charged Words

• He is at this time transporting large armies of
  foreign mercenaries to complete the works of
  death, desolation, and tyranny, already begun
  with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy
  scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages,
  and totally unworthy the head of a civilized
  nation.
• 
  
• 
  Contrast

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The Effect of Charged Words

• Grandmother Arrested in Pot Sting

The fact that the person is a grandmother has no
relevance to the fact that she was arrested on a
drug charge.  It may not even reflect the fact
that she is old, since Ive known grandmothers as
young as 32.  But the use of the term conjures up
an image of a sweet, gentle person, and
juxtaposed against the crime, elicits far more
outrage than if the headline was Local Woman
Arrested in Pot Sting
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Imagery

• Imagery is words that appeal to the senses.
• Visual - There are black clouds of Gods wrath
  now hanging directly over your head (Edwards)
• Auditory the wind whistling through the trees,
  the rumbling waves rushing past
• Tactile/Emotional How awful it is to be left
  behind at such a day! To see so many others
  feasting. (Edwards)
• Oral the puckering twang of lemon juice
• Olfactory wet dog after a morning rainshower

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Syntax

• Syntaxconstruction of sentences.
• Syntax discusses
• --Sentence Type complex or simple?
• --Sentence length short or long?
• --Active vs. Passive Sentences
• --Pacing. Sentence construction can speed up the
  reading of a passage or slow it down.
• --VIEW HANDOUT pg. 2

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Restatement

• Repeating an idea in a variety of ways, using
  different words to reinforce a point.

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Anaphora

• Repetition of the same word or group of words at
  the beginning of successive clauses, sentences,
  or lines.
• This royal throne of kings, this sceptred isle,
  This earth of majesty, this seat of Mars, This
  other Eden, demi-paradise, This fortress built by
  Nature for herself Against infection and the hand
  of war, This happy breed of men, this little
  world, This precious stone set in the silver
  sea
• -John of Gaunt in Shakespeare's Richard II
  (2.1.40-51 57-60)
• SEE HANDOUT pg. 3

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Anastrophe

• Inversion Anastrophe occurs whenever normal
  syntactical arrangement is violated for emphasis
• The verb before the subject-noun (normal syntax
  follows the order subject-noun, verb)Glistens
  the dew upon the morning grass. (Normally The
  dew glistens upon the morning grass)
• Adjective following the noun it modifies (normal
  syntax is adjective, noun)?She looked at the sky
  dark and menacing. (Normally She looked at the
  dark and menacing sky)
• The object preceding its verb (normal syntax is
  verb followed by its object)?Troubles,
  everybody's got. (Normally Everybody's got
  troubles.)

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Epistrophe

• Is the reverse of anaphora repetition of same
  word or group at the end of clauses.
• They saw no evil, they spoke no evil, and they
  heard no evil.

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Asyndeton (uh-SIN-du-ton)

• Omission of conjunctions between related clauses
• I came, I saw, I conquered.
• deliberate use of conjunctions between each
  clause in a series of clauses
• This year I am taking math and English and
  history and gym and physics and Spanish and
  creative writing and creative photography.

Polysyndeton
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Antithesis

• opposition, or contrast of ideas or words in a
  balanced or parallel construction. The idea is
  that they enhance one another, kind of like two
  halves of the perfect whole
• yin and yang
• sweet and sour
• Good cop / Bad cop
• Sink or swim.
• Black or white.
• It can't be wrong if it feels so right -Debbie
  Boone

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Rhetorical Devices Chiasmus Antimetabole

• arrangement of ideas in the second clause is a
  reversal of the first.
• Chiasmus is, specifically, the reversal of
  grammatical structures in successive phrases or
  clauses It is hard to make money, but to spend
  it is easy.
• Antimetabole is, specifically, the repetition of
  words, in successive clauses, in reverse
  grammatical order Ask not what your country can
  do for you ask what you can do for your
  country. JFK

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• When the going gets tough, the tough get going.
• Woe unto them that call evil good, and good evil
  that put darkness for light, and light for
  darkness that put bitter for sweet, and sweet
  for bitter! -Isaiah 520

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Rhetorical Question

• A question posed by the speaker or writer not to
  seek an answer but instead to affirm or deny a
  point by simply asking the question
• Ex. Do I really need to ask you to clean your
  room again?

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Parallelism

• Similarity of structure in a pair or series of
  related words, phrases, or clauses.
• parallelism of wordsShe tried to make her pastry
  fluffy, sweet, and delicate.
• parallelism of phrases?Singing a song or writing
  a poem is joyous.
• parallelism of clauses?Perch are inexpensive
  cod are cheap trout are abundant but salmon are
  best.

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Juxtaposition

• is a poetic and rhetorical device in which
  normally unassociated ideas, words, or phrases
  are placed next to one another.
• Light and dark images
• Life and death
• Cold and hot
• Etc.

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Rhetorical Devices Figurative Language

• Alliteration Assonance
• Consonance Simile
• Metaphors Personification
• Onomatopoeia Hyperbole
• Understatement Litotes
• Paradox Oxymoron
• Pun Irony
• Sarcasm Allusion
• Synecdoche Metonymy
• Zeugma Conceit

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Litotes

• Deliberate understatement, especially when
  expressing a thought by denying its opposite.
• She was not unmindful of the fact that she still
  owes me twenty dollars.
• Since hes no small man, perhaps he should
  reconsider the skinny jeans he likes so much.

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Conceit

• An extended metaphor. Popular during the
  Renaissance and typical of John Donne or John
  Milton.
• Marke but this flea, and marke in this,
• How little that which thou deny'st me is
• Me it suck'd first, and now sucks thee,
• And in this flea our two bloods mingled bee
• Confesse it, this cannot be said
• A sinne, or shame, or losse of maidenhead,
• Yet this enjoyes before it wooe,
• And pamper'd swells with one blood made of two,
• And this, alas, is more than wee would doe.
• -- The Flea John Donne

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Allusion

• A reference to mythological, literary,
  historical, or Biblical person, place or thing.

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Anecdote

• A brief narrative offered to capture the
  audiences attention or to contribute to the
  overall purpose

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Synechdoche

• A whole is represented by naming one of its parts
  
• The rustler bragged he'd absconded with five
  hundred head of longhorns. Both "head" and
  "longhorns" are parts of cattle that represent
  them as wholes
• Listen, you've got to come take a look at my new
  set of wheels.?
• He shall think differently," the musketeer
  threatened, "when he feels the point of my
  steel."?
• HANDOUT pg 5

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Metonymy

• Reference to something or someone by naming one
  of its attributes.
• The pen is mightier than the sword. The pen is
  an attribute of thoughts that are written with a
  pen the sword is an attribute of military action
• We await word from the crown.
• The IRS is auditing me? Great. All I need is a
  couple of suits arriving at my door.

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Rhetorical Triangle SOAPS
Method
Speaker
Message
Audience
Subjectthe general idea, content and
ideas Occasiontime, place, context, or current
situation for the writing. Consider what events
prompted the writing. Audiencethe target
audience (try to be specificeducation level,
beliefs and values, predisposition towards the
speaker) Purposewhat the author hopes the reader
will take from the piece. Speakerevaluate the
ethos of the speaker
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