Which of the following is a pressure wave created by the expansion and recoiling of arteries?

1

• Which of the following is a pressure wave created
  by the expansion and recoiling of arteries?
• A) Circulation
• B) Pulse
• C) Blood flow
• D) Blood pressure

2
Respiration Immunity

• Chs 14 13

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Outline

• Respiration
• Overview- structure and function
• The Lungs gas exchange
• The throat
• Breathing mechanisms
• Transport and management of gases
• Control of breathing
• Disorders of the respiratory sytem

4
Communication and gas exchange are the primary
purposes of the respiratory system

• In the respiratory system, oxygen and carbon
  dioxide are exchanged across a moist body surface
  
• Pressure changes within the lungs cause breathing
  
• Blood transports gases between the lungs and the
  cells
• Breathing is controlled primarily by respiratory
  centers in the brain
• Respiratory disorders have many causes

5
Gas exchange at the organismal level, called,
external respiration, is necessitated by gas
exchange at the cellular level, called internal
respiration
Breathing moves airin and out of the lungs.
External respirationis the exchange ofoxygen
and carbondioxide between thelungs and the
blood.
Internal respiration isthe exchange of
oxygenand carbon dioxidebetween blood and
thebody tissues.
Gas transportmoves oxygen andcarbon
dioxidebetween the lungsand the body tissues.
Oxygentransport
Carbondioxidetransport
Tissue
Lungs
Gas diffusion
Gas diffusion
Figure 14.1
6
Structures of the Respiratory System
UPPER RESPIRATORYSYSTEM
Sinuses Cavities in skull Lighten head Warm
and moistenair
Filters, warms, andmoistens air
Nasal cavity Produces mucus Filters, warms,
andmoistens air Olfaction
Pharynx Passageway forair and food
RESPIRATORYMUSCLES Cause breathing
Intercostalmuscles
Diaphragm Muscle sheet betweenchest and
abdominalcavities with a role inbreathing
Move ribs during breathing
Figure 14.2 (1 of 2)
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The Lower Respiratory System
LOWER RESPIRATORYSYSTEM Exchanges gases
Epiglottis Covers larynx duringswallowing
Larynx Air passageway Prevents food and
drinkfrom entering lowerrespiratory system
Produces voice
Lungs Structures that containalveoli and
airpassageways Allow exchange ofoxygen and
carbondioxide betweenatmosphere and blood
Bronchi Two branches oftrachea that
conductair from trachea toeach lung
Trachea Connects larynx withbronchi leading
toeach lung Conducts air to andfrom bronchi
Bronchioles Narrow passagewaysto conduct air
frombronchi to alveoli
Alveoli Microscopic chambersfor gas exchange
Figure 14.2 (2 of 2)
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The Respiratory System

• The nose
• Cleans incoming air
• Warms and moistens the air
• Provides for the sense of smell

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Figure 14.4a
10
The Respiratory System

• The sinuses
• Lighten the head
• Adjust air quality
• The pharynx
• The space behind the nose and mouth
• Provides a passageway for food and air

11
The Respiratory System

• The larynx
• An adjustable entrance to the respiratory system
• Controls the position of the epiglottis to
  prevent materials from entering the lower
  respiratory system
• The source of the voice

12
The Respiratory System
Epiglottis
Larynx
Uppertrachea
Front view
(a) The epiglottis is open during breathing but
covers theopening to the larynx during
swallowing to preventfood or drink from entering
the trachea.
Figure 14.5a
13
The Respiratory System
Vocal cords
Glottis
Top view of larynx
Top view of larynx
During quiet breathing, thevocal cords are near
thesides of the larynx, and theglottis is open.

During speech, the vocalcords are stretched over
theglottis and vibrate as airpasses through
them,producing the voice.
(b) The vocal cords are the folds of connective
tissue above theopening of the larynx (the
glottis) that produce the voice.
Figure 14.5b
14
The Respiratory System

• The trachea
• Tube that conducts air between the environment
  and the lungs
• Heimlich maneuver
• Can be used to dislodge food from the trachea

15
The Heimlich maneuver is only a last resort
A person who is choking cannot speakor breathe
and needs immediate help.The Heimlich maneuver
is aprocedure intended to force a largeburst of
air out of the lungs anddislodge the object
blocking air flow.
Step 1 Stand behind the chokingperson with arms
around the waist.
Step 2 Make a fist and place thethumb of the
fist beneath thevictims rib cage about
midwaybetween the navel (belly button) andthe
breastbone.
Figure 14.6 (1 of 2)
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The Heimlich maneuver saves lives, but also
breaks ribs- try a whack on the back first
Step 3 Grasp the fist with yourother hand and
deliver a rapid bearhug up and under the rib
cage withthe clenched fist. Be careful not
topress on the ribs or the breastbonebecause
doing so could causeserious injury.
Blockingobject
Step 4 Repeat until the objectis dislodged.
Figure 14.6 (2 of 2)
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The Respiratory System

• The trachea divides into the bronchial tree which
  conducts air to each lung

18
The trachea branches off into bronchioles, which
terminate in the alveoli
Figure 14.7
19
The Respiratory System

• The alveoli
• Functional units of the respiratory system
• Minute sacs where oxygen diffuses from the air
  into the blood
• For alveoli to function properly they are coated
  with phospholipid molecules called surfactant
  that keep them open

20
The Respiratory System
Figure 14.8
21
The Respiratory System

• Carbon dioxide produced by the cells diffuses
  from the blood into the alveolar air to be
  exhaled

22

• Which of the following is a thin-walled, rounded
  chamber surrounded by a vast network of
  capillaries?
• A) Surfactant
• B) Alveolus
• C) Diaphragm
• D) Glottis

23
Pressure Changes within the Lungs Cause Breathing

• Pressure changes within the lungs cause breathing

24
Pressure Changes within the Lungs Cause Breathing

• When the diaphragm and intercostal muscles
  contract, the volume of the thoracic cavity
  increases, causing the pressure in the lungs to
  decrease

25
Pressure Changes within the Lungs Cause Breathing

• Expiration
• When the same muscles relax, pressure in the
  lungs increase
• Inspiration
• Occurs when the pressure in the lungs decreases

26
Lungs contain no muscle tissue
Inhalation
Air flow
Rib cagemoves upand out
Intercostalmusclescontract
Diaphragmcontractsand flattens
Diaphragmcontracts
The chest cavity increasesin size, and pressure
withinthe lungs decreases.
The lungs expand, andair moves in.
(a)
Figure 14.9a
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The diaphragm and intercostal muscles fill and
empty the lungs by changing pressure in the
pleural cavity
Exhalation
Air flow
Rib cagemoves downand inward
Intercostalmuscles relax
Diaphragmrelaxes andmoves upward
Diaphragmrelaxes
The chest cavity decreasesin size, and
pressurewithin the lungs increases.
The lungs recoil,and air moves out.
(b)
Figure 14.9b
28
Lung volumes are dependent on energy expenditure
and the need for residual air to prevent collapse
of the lungs

• The volume of air inhaled or exhaled during a
  normal breath is called the tidal volume
• The volume of air moved into and out of the lungs
  is an indication of health

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Pressure Changes within the Lungs Cause Breathing
6000
Inspiratoryreserve(forcedinhalation)volume
Totallungcapacity
5000
Vitalcapacity
4000
Tidal volume
Lung Volume (ml)
3000
Expiratory reserve(forced exhalation)volume
2000
1000
Residualvolume
0
Figure 14.10 (1 of 2)
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Pressure Changes within the Lungs Cause Breathing
Tidal volume(500 ml)
Amount of air inhaled or exhaledduring an
ordinary breath
Inspiratory reserve volume(19003300 ml)
Amount of air that can be inhaledin addition to
a normal breath
Expiratory reserve volume(1000 ml)
Amount of air that can be exhaledin addition to
a normal breath
Maximum amount of air that canbe inhaled or
exhaled in a singleforced breath
Vital capacity(34004800 ml)
Amount of air remaining in thelungs after
maximum exhalation
Residual volume(11001200 ml)
Total amount of air in the lungsafter maximal
inhalation (vitalcapacity residual volume)
Total lung capacity(45006000 ml)
Figure 14.10 (2 of 2)
31
Blood Transports Gasses between the Lungs and the
Cells

• Most oxygen is carried by the blood where it is
  bound to hemoglobin in a molecule called
  oxyhemoglobin
• The carbon dioxide produced as the cells use
  oxygen is removed by the blood in one of three
  ways
• Dissolved in the blood
• Carried by hemoglobin
• As a bicarbonate ion

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In the lungs, O2 passes in to the bloodstream,
and CO2 passes out to the lungs
Figure 14.11 (2 of 2)
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By what process does O2 enter the capillaries of
the lungs?

1. Active transport
2. Osmosis
3. Simple diffusion
4. Facilitated diffusion

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By what process does CO2 leave the capillaries
for the lungs?

1. Active transport
2. Osmosis
3. Simple diffusion
4. Facilitated diffusion

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In the body, CO2 leaves cells into the blood
Figure 14.11 (1 of 2)
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Gas exchange affects blood pH

• CO2 dissolved in the blood affects its pH
• CO2 H2O? H HCO3-

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CO2 H2O? H HCO3- according to the equation,
CO2 in the blood acts as a

• Acid
• Base

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Blood Transports Gasses between the Lungs and the
Cells

• CO2 dissolved in the blood affects its pH
• CO2 H2O? H HCO3-
• This chemical reaction can also go backward, or
  further forward
• HCO3-? H CO32-
• When sodium from the diet is added, much
  bicarbonate ion that also serves as a buffer
• In the lungs, removal of CO2 causes removal of
  H from the bloodstream

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Blood Transports Gasses between the Lungs and the
Cells

• CO2 dissolved in the blood affects its pH
• CO2 H2O? H HCO3-
• This chemical reaction can also go backward
• When sodium from the diet is added, much
  bicarbonate ion that also serves as a buffer
• In the lungs, removal of CO2 causes removal of
  H from the bloodstream

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Breathing Is Controlled by Respiratory Centers in
the Brain

• The basic rhythm of breathing
• Controlled by a breathing center located in the
  medulla

41
Breathing Is Controlled by Respiratory Centers in
the Brain
Figure 14.12 (1 of 2)
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Breathing Is Controlled by Respiratory Centers in
the Brain
Figure 14.12 (2 of 2)
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Respiratory Centers in the Brain

• Changes in depth and rate of breathing
• Affected by chemoreceptors located in the medulla

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Respiratory Centers in the Brain

• Carbon dioxide
• The most important chemical influencing breathing
  rate

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Respiratory Centers in the Brain
Increased blood level of carbondioxide
(increased acidity, H)
Increased carbon dioxide level(increased
acidity, H) incerebrospinal fluid
Sensed by peripheralchemoreceptors in aortic
andcarotid bodies
Sensed by chemoreceptorsin medulla
Medulla breathing centerstimulated
Breathing rate increased(more carbon
dioxideexhaled)
Carbon dioxidelevel in bloodreturns to normal
Figure 14.13
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Respiratory Centers in the Brain

• Under extreme circumstances, oxygen-sensitive
  chemoreceptors in the aortic and carotid bodies
  can increase breathing

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Respiratory Disorders Have Many Causes

• The common cold
• Caused by several types of viruses
• Some with many variants

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Respiratory Disorders Have Many Causes

• Influenza
• Caused by only two types of viruses
• There are many variants of these two types

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Respiratory Disorders Have Many Causes

• Pneumonia
• An inflammation of the lungs that causes fluid to
  accumulate in the alveoli, reducing gas exchange

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Respiratory Disorders Have Many Causes

• Strep throat
• Caused by Streptococcus bacteria
• Soreness accompanied by swollen glands and fever

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Respiratory Disorders Have Many Causes

• Tuberculosis
• Infection caused by bacteria
• Results in fibrous tissue forming in the lungs

52
Respiratory Disorders Have Many Causes

• Bronchitis
• An inflammation of the mucous membrane of the
  bronchi
• Caused by viruses, bacteria, or chemical
  irritation
• Inflammation results in the production of excess
  mucus, which triggers a deep cough

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Respiratory Disorders Have Many Causes

• Emphysema
• Caused by the destruction of alveoli, usually by
  smoking
• Reduction in the surface area available for gas
  exchange and the increased dead air space results
  in shortness of breath

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Respiratory Disorders Have Many Causes
Figure 14.14
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Lung Cancer

• Lung Cancer
• Changes in the cells of the airway linings
• Eventual uncontrolled cell division forms a tumor
  
• Often caused by inhaled carcinogens, including
  those found in tobacco smoke

PLAY
Secondhand Smoke
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Lung Cancer
Figure 14.4b
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Lung Cancer
Figure 14.15