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Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices, and Constraints Seventh Edition Nijole V. Benokraitis Chapter Four Racial and Ethnic Families: Strengths and Stresses – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices, and Constraints Seventh Edition


1
Marriages and FamiliesChanges, Choices, and
ConstraintsSeventh Edition Nijole V.
Benokraitis Chapter Four Racial and Ethnic
Families Strengths and Stresses
2
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3
Susie Guillory Phipps
4
Alice Jones Rhinelander
5
Boxer Ralph Dupasfought and lost to Sugar Ray
Robinson in 1963
6
  • Black genes trump White genes
  • One Black ancestor makes an Anglo-Saxon or
    Chinese Black.
  • But not the other way around.
  • Mauro Edmonson (Tulane)
  • Average White Person 5 Black genes
  • Average Black Person 25 White genes

7
  • Vermont-racially mixed parents have a baby that
    is mixed.
  • North Carolina-racially mixed are not classified
  • Mississippi-Inquire of the Principals
  • West Virginia-Black if either parent is Black.
  • Pennsylvania-The mothers provides info
  • Florida-Mother is asked to determine race
  • Texas
  • -Fathers race

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9
Race and Ethnicity
  • The United States and Canada are relatively small
    as far as countries go, but they receive more
    than half of the worlds immigrants.

10
Assimilationand Cultural Pluralism
  • Assimilation is when an ethnic group totally
    conforms to their new culture, including
    interracial marriage. They hold on to almost
    nothing from their original culture.
  • Cultural pluralism is when cultures maintain many
    of their original cultural aspects, including
    language and marrying within their own group,
    while living peacefully within their new culture.

11
Changes in Immigration
  • In 1900 almost 85 of immigrants came from
    Europe. In 2006 Europeans made up about 13 of
    the immigrant population.
  • Today most immigrants come from Asia (mostly
    China and the Philippines) and Latin America
    (mostly Mexico).

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13
Misconceptions about Illegal Immigrants
  • Many Americans hold misgivings about incoming
    illegal immigrantsthey see these people as
    moochers. However,
  • More than 90 pay payroll and sales taxes.
  • They are not eligible for Medicare and food
    stamps, Welfare, or most other public-assistance
    programs.

14
Misconceptions about Illegal Immigrants
  • Fewer than 10 of Mexican immigrants, both
    documented and undocumented, have used an
    emergency room, compared with about 20 of
    native-born Americans and Mexican Americans.
  • Undocumented immigrants pay on average 80 per
    capita more in taxes than they will use in
    government services over their lifetime.

15
Undocumented Immigrants
  • The U.S. admits more than 1 million immigrants
    every yearmore than any other country, however,
    another 12 million come into the country
    illegally, 59 from Mexico.

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17
Attitudes about Immigrants
  • It really depends on the time in history that we
    are talking about as to what Americans think
    about immigration.
  • When the economy is booming and we have an
    overabundance of jobs, we welcome immigrants.
    However, when it is a down economy, most
    Americans see immigrants as taking much-needed
    jobs.

18
Is Immigration Harmful or Beneficial?
  • Some immigration critics allege that low-skilled
    workers reduce the standard of living and
    overload schools and welfare systems. Others note
    that because immigrants are younger, poorer, and
    less well-educated, they use more government
    services and pay less in taxes.

19
Is Immigration Harmful or Beneficial?
  • Immigrants themselves also experience costs.
    Employment recruiters promise good jobs and
    training but immigrants at the low end of the pay
    scale often find themselves living in abject
    poverty because they dont receive the promised
    wages.

20
Is Immigration Harmful or Beneficial?
  • Immigrants also have fought in the Iraq war and
    have been honorably discharged, but they have not
    had their citizenship applications processed as
    they were promised.
  • Many immigrants provide work at low wages and are
    more likely to take jobs that other Americans are
    less willing to take.

21
Is There Balance?
  • Many scholars argue that on balance and in the
    long run, immigrants provide more benefits than
    costs.

22
Race and Ethnicity Still Matter
  • A minority group is a group of people who may be
    treated differently from the dominant group
    because of their physical or cultural
    characteristics such as skin color, gender,
    sexual orientation, or other characteristics.
  • Even in countries or states where minority groups
    outnumber the majority group, they usually have
    less political power.

23
Race
  • A racial group is a group of people who are
    different from the majority-category people
    because of physical characteristics. Racial
    traits like skin color, eye shape, and hair
    texture are inborn. As few as 6 of the bodys
    inherited 35,000 genes determine the color of a
    persons skin.

24
Ethnicity
  • An ethnic group is a set of people who identify
    with particular national origin or cultural
    heritage. Race can sometimes be seenit is about
    biology. Ethnicity cannot be seenit is about
    culture.

25
Social or Biological?
  • The idea of race and ethnicity are both social
    and biological issues. Race is really only skin
    deep and is only important because a society
    believes it is important.
  • Ethnicity is important because it gives people
    their traditions and their cultural identity.

26
Whats in a Name?
  • Some racial or ethnic groups prefer certain
    labels over other labels.
  • Much of the controversy has to do with where the
    original ancestors have come from.
  • Racial and ethnic labels can be hurtful or
    helpful, depending on the groups internal
    identity and how they prefer to be named.

27
Racism, Discrimination,and Prejudice
  • Racism is the belief that ones own racial group
    is inherently superior to others.
  • Prejudice is an attitude that prejudges people,
    usually in a negative way, who are different from
    us in race, religion, ethnicity, or some other
    social characteristic.
  • Discrimination is the behavior that goes along
    with being prejudiced. It treats people unfairly
    and encompasses many areas.

28
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29
African American Families
  • Like families of all ethnic or racial groups,
    there are many differences between African
    American families.
  • African American families are often stetereotyped
    as matriarchal, but the most common family is
    that of men and women where there is equality in
    the relationship.

30
Absent Fathers
  • Across all families, black children are most
    likely to be raised by one parent, usually by a
    mother.
  • As we will see in future chapters, fathers play
    an important role in their childrens lives.

31
Strengths of African American Families
  • Strong family kinship bonds
  • An ability to adapt family roles to outside
    pressures
  • A strong work ethic
  • Determination to succeed in education
  • Numerous self-help groups

32
African American Families
  • Parents and childrenmost African American
    families play a huge role in the lives of their
    children. Many black fathers make a conscious
    effort to be involved in their childrens lives.
  • The close relationship between African American
    children and their parents can be very beneficial
    to the children being raised in these families.

33
African American Families
  • More than 33 of black low-income working
    families, and 20 of low- income working
    Hispanics, live in high- poverty neighborhoods,
    while only 3 of their white counterparts do.

34
Native American Families
  • American Indians and Alaska Natives only make up
    about 1.5 of the total population.
  • Family Structureabout 62 of the nation's Native
    American children live with both parents,
    compared with 40 of the total population. They
    are also much more likely to live in extended
    family situations than most of the American
    population.

35
Gender Roles
  • Research on contemporary American Indian families
    and gender roles is virtually nonexistent.
  • One exception is a study of 28 off-reservation
    Navajo families. Compared with other families,
    the Navajo fathers spent significantly more time
    in day-to-day child rearing activities.

36
Parents and Children
Children are important members of American
tribes. Parents spend considerable time and
effort in making items for children to play with
or use in activities and ceremonies. Adults teach
children to respect their elders.
37
Elders and Grandparents
  • Elders are important to a childs care,
    upbringing, and development. They contribute to
    a familys cohesiveness and stability.
  • Many grandparents care for their grandchildren as
    it has become more financially stable for both
    parents to work outside the home.

38
Strengths ofNative American Families
  • Strengths include relational bonding, a core that
    is built on widely-shared values and beliefs such
    as respect, generosity, and sharing across the
    tribe, band, and clan group.
  • Some Native American cultures have spent
    generations building tribal self-sufficient
    businesses that can be passed down to the next
    generation.

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40
Latino Families
  • Latino families are very diverse. About 70 of
    Latino children live in two-parent families.
    That is much higher than the national average.
  • Gender Roles and Parentingthese vary on factors
    such as how long a family has lived in the U.S.
    and whether the wife or mother works outside the
    home.
  • As with other groups, Latino parents encourage
    their children to be successful.

41
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42
Parenting
  • Like most other parents, Latino parents are
    caring and loving toward their children. Even
    when both must work full-time, they spend as much
    time as possible with their children.
  • Women place much value on being wives and
    mothers.
  • For many Latino families, extended families meet
    needs of child care when families are working.

43
Strengths of Latino Families
  • Many Latino families are very resilient.
  • They have adapted to hard economic times and
    language barriers to accomplish The American
    Dream.

44
Asian American Families
  • The term Asian American encompasses a wide
    range of cultures. They are from many different
    countries.
  • Asian American families vary widely depending on
    country of origin, time of arrival in the U.S.,
    past and current immigration policies, and
    whether the family are immigrants or refugees.

45
Family Structure
  • Asian American families are likely to be extended
    rather than nuclear and might include parents,
    children, grandparents, and unmarried siblings.
  • Many Asian Americans follow Confucianism, which
    endorses a patriarchal social structure that
    instructs women to obey their husbands.
  • Gender-role socialization tends to be very
    traditional.

46
Parents and Children
  • In many Asian American families the strongest
    ties are between parents and their children,
    rather than between spouses. Parents often
    sacrifice their personal needs to make sure the
    needs of their children are met.
  • In turn, one is expected to obey ones parents.

47
The Model Minority?
  • Is it fact or fiction? Many Asian families
    typify the model minority, but as with all
    human beings, this can be misleading.

48
The Model Minority?
  • There are three major factors why Asian American
    families have become so successful in the U.S.
  • Many who immigrate have college degrees.
  • The Buddhist and Confucian values and traditions
    of many Asian American families follow closely
    the prerequisites for the American dreamhard
    work, education, and achievement.
  • They are usually harder working than any other
    groupmajority or minority.

49
Middle Eastern Families
  • Middle Eastern family structures vary. Wealth
    and children are the ornaments of life for some
    of these cultures.
  • Most Middle Eastern children live with both
    parents84.
  • Middle Eastern families tend to frown on divorce.

50
Marriage and Gender Roles
  • The family is the center of everything, thus the
    family is the center of marriage. People dont
    marry out of romantic love, they marry out of
    family obligation.
  • Marriages tend to be endogamous.
  • Middle Eastern culture mandates strict
    gender-role expectations.
  • A wife should always act honorably and do nothing
    that would humiliate her husband or family.
  • Gender roles are changing.

51
Parents and Children
  • Parents and children usually have very strong
    bonds. In one study of Arab Canadian teenagers,
    for example, nine out of ten said that they would
    prefer to talk to their parentmostly Momabout
    personal problems or issues.
  • There are, however, double standards in the lives
    of many young teenagers and their relationships
    with siblings and parents. Boys are respected
    over girls.

52
Strengths of the Middle Eastern Families
  • They cope well with discrimination because they
    have a strong ethnic identity. Most have
    extended kin networks as well.

53
Interracial and Interethnic Relationships
  • More and more people are choosing partners who
    are not the same as they are in one way or
    another.
  • In a recent report in the U.S., 4 of children
    were identified as multiracial.
  • Of the three million intermarriages, the
    out-marriage rates of blacks and whites are much
    less than the rates for Asians, Latinos, and
    other racial and ethnic groups.

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55
Interracial and Interethnic Relationships
  • The racial and ethnic composition of American
    families is changing. These changes are expected
    to continue in the future as more and more people
    immigrate to the United States.
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