Project

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• Project Quality Management
• Day 3 Technology
• Project Management

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Syllabus Core PQM

• Three main topics
• Project Management
• Quality Management
• Reliability Management

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Structure of the Presentation

• Project Management
• Overview of project management,
• Project planning
• Work Breakdown Structure,
• The Gantt Chart,
• Network Diagram,
• Critical Path Diagram,
• Project planning for Technology projects,
• Using Microsoft Project to generate charts.

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What is Project Management?

• A set of techniques used for managing projects
• Origins in industry - large projects
• Bridge Building
• New Product Development
• Road Building

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What is a Project?

• Any task within an organisation that does not
  fit neatly into business-as-usual
• Port Tunnel
• Luas
• Development of New Engine
• Set up a Quality System in Company
• Technology Design Make project.

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What is a Project?

• Projects have the following characteristics
• Each project is specific and unique.
• Each project has a specific deliverable item when
  complete.
• This deliverable is aimed at meeting a specific
  need or purpose.
• There is usually a specific due date for
  completion of the project.
• Design is not necessarily a central part of the
  project activity.

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What is Managed?

• PM focuses on the management of resources and
  time in a systematic manner.
• The administration of the project
• The supervision of the project
• The organisation of the project

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What is Managed?

• For the student it means
• Analysing the objectives of the project,
• Defining the tasks needed to achieve these
  objectives,
• Controlling the execution of them.

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Who manages the projeect?

• Large projects usually involve a project team.

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What do Project Managers do?

• Projects have 3 objectives,
• Finish on time.
• Meet the specifications that satisfy
• the brief.
• Meet the budget.
• Students are the project managers of their own
  tasks!

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Importance of Planning

• Unexpected events may happen during the
• project and may cause delays.
• Breakdown of machinery,
• Problems with resources/supplies,
• Labour shortages, etc.
• Project planning can minimise the effect of these
  unexpected delays.

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Project Planning

• What is a project plan?
• Can be as simple as a list of sequences for a
  small project
• Can be more complex with charts, tables, costings
  etc. for a larger project

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Project Planning

• Analyse the brief,
• List the steps involved,
• Draw up a Work Breakdown Structure (WBS).
• A WBS is a diagram that shows
• Primary Tasks
• Sub-Tasks

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Example

• Draw up a Work Breakdown Structure for the
  erection of a garden shed.
• The shed will come prefabricated but will need to
  be assembled.
• A foundation will need to be prepared in advance.

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List of Tasks
No. Activity
1 Order Shed
2 Buy Blocks, Sand Cement
3 Build Foundation
4 Assemble Shed
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WBS for Garden Shed
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The Gantt Chart a Preview

• A Gantt Chart is a horizontal bar chart showing
  the times for each task

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Looking at the Gantt Chart

• Delivery time for the shed is nine days,
• One day for buying materials,
• Two days for making the foundation,
• One day for assembly.
• Note
• Making the foundation is timed so that it is
  ready just in time for the delivery of the shed
• Could have been completed at an earlier date if
  desired.

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Exercises

• Redraw the Gantt chart so that the maximum
  amount of time is allowed for the curing of the
  foundation.

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Exercises

• Shown is a picture of a Christmas Tree Star
• Draw a WBS for the Star
• Draw a Gantt chart for manufacturing the Star

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List of TasksStar
No. Activity Time
1 Mark Out Star 1
2 Drill Holes 1
3 Cut Out File 3
4 Solder Circuit 2
5 Assemble 2
6 Test 1
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WBS for Star
Mark Out
Drill
Cut Out File
Structure
Sub Task
Star
Assemble
Test
Sub Task
Solder Circuit
Circuit
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Gantt Chart for Star
Day
0 1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8 9
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Mark Out
Drill
Cut Out File
Solder Circuit
Assemble
Test
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Network Diagrams

• For larger or more complex projects a network
  diagram is required.
• Network Diagrams show
• The relationships between the tasks,
• 2. The sequence in which each task is
  performed,
• 3. The interdependencies between the tasks.

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Drawing up a Network Diagram
WBS
Network Diagram
Gantt Chart

• Start with task list and draw up a WBS
• Decide on the order of tasks

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Sample WBS
A WBS needs to be analysed and redrawn frequently
to arrive at the best production sequence. (Use
Post its)
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Network Table
Task Predecessor
A -
B -
C A
D B
E B
F C,D
G E


The tasks and theirpredecessorscan be drawn as
a table
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Part Complete Network Diagram
Note that task C has A as a predecessor D and E
have B as predecessors. A and B have no
predecessors and are connected to the starting
node.
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Complete Network Diagram
Task Predecessor
A -
B -
C A
D B
E B
F C,D
G E


ExerciseComplete the diagram using the
remainder of the tasks
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Network Diagram for Garden Shed

• Draw up a network diagram for the garden shed
  project described previously.

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Some Definitions and Terms

• Terms used for network diagrams
• Activity A task or set of tasks required by the
  project.
• Network Diagram of nodes representing
  activities connected by directional arrows that
  defines the project and shows the relations
  between all of the activities. Networks are
  usually drawn with a Start node on the left and
  a Finish node on the right.
• Path A series of connected activities in the
  network
• Critical Path the set of activities on a path
  from the projects start event to its finish
  event that if delayed, will delay the completion
  date of the project.
• Critical Time The time required to complete all
  activities on the critical path.

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Adding Times to the Network Diagram

• Duration of each task can be added to network
  diagram
• From this, start and finish times can be found
  for each task
• Some tasks can be allowed to vary their start and
  finish times without affecting overall time taken

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Example
Consider the following project
Task Predecessor Duration
A - 5 (days)
B - 4
C A 3
D A 4
E A 6
F B,C 4
G D 5
H D,E 6
I F 6
J G,H 4
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Network with Tasks Times
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Adding Further Information

• We can add the following information to each node
  in the diagram
• Earliest Start Time (EST)
• Earliest Finish Time (EFT)
• Latest Start Time (LST)
• Latest Finish Time (LFT)

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Critical Path Diagram

• Critical path in orange

See notes for a detailed explanation
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Conclusions from Critical Path Diagram

• Critical path is path that requires the most time
  (A-E-H-J)
• Critical time is 21 days which is the earliest
  possible completion time
• Any delay on critical path will delay the project
• Some delay (within limits) can be tolerated on
  other tasks.

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Critical Path Diagram for the Garden Shed
Complete the critical path diagram for the garden
shed State critical path and critical time
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Solution

• CP Order Shed Assemble
• CT 10 Days

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Calculating Activity Slack

Slack or Float is the amount of time a
non-critical task can be delayed Slack Latest
Finish Time Earliest Finish Time or
Latest Start Time Earliest Start Time
Slack LFT-EFT LST-EST
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Slack Times from Shed Example

• Both non-critical tasks have a slack of
• (9-3)(7-1)(7-1)(6-0) 6 days

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The Gantt Chart

• Generated from network diagram
• Gives visual representation of activities and
  times
• Gantt charts can show
• Timeline for each task
• Dependencies of tasks
• Critical path

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Network Diagram

• Using the Network Diagram from previous example

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Application of PM to Tech. Projects

• Now we will apply the techniques we have met to a
  hypothetical LC project.
• The procedure for project work is
• List the tasks and sub-tasks involved
• Draw up a WBS
• Draw up a Network Table
• Draw up a Network Diagram
• Insert times and determine the Critical Path

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Consider the following project brief

• Design and manufacture a personal alarm that will
  incorporate an electronic circuit as well as a
  suitable casing
• From analysing the brief
• General plan on how to approach the project
• Identify the main tasks involved
• Derive a Work Breakdown Schedule
• Draw up a Network Diagram
• Add times and find the critical path, critical
  time and slack for the activities.

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A possible WBS for the project
Research Circuit
Design Circuit
Order Components
Circuit
Sub Task
Personal Alarm
Manufacture Assemble
Test
Sub Task
Casing
User Survey
Design Casing
Design Specification
Order Materials
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Network Table

• First draw up a list of tasks and preceding tasks

Task Description Duration Predecessor
A Research Circuit 14 -
B User Survey 7 -
C Device Spec 1 B
D Circuit Design 3 A
E Order Components 10 D
F Design Casing 7 C
G Order Materials 7 F
H Manufacture and assembly 7 E,G
I Test 4 H
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Network Diagram
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7
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Critical Path Diagram
CP Circuit Research -Circuit Design-Order
Components-Build-Test CT 38 class periods
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Gantt Chart for Project
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Student Workbook
List the tasks needed to complete the project
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Example 2

• List the tasks
• Estimate the times
• Draw up WBS and Gantt chart

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Example Contains circuit

• List the tasks Estimate times
• Order tasks and optimise them
• Draw up WBS and Gantt chart
• Estimate project duration

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Example
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Example