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Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices, and Constraints Seventh Edition Nijole V. Benokraitis Chapter Fourteen Family Abuse, Violence, and Other Health Issues – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices, and Constraints Seventh Edition


1
Marriages and FamiliesChanges, Choices, and
ConstraintsSeventh Edition Nijole V.
Benokraitis Chapter Fourteen Family Abuse,
Violence, and Other Health Issues
2
Family
  • Families can be warm, nurturing, and loving, but
    unfortunately for some families the picture is a
    bit different.
  • We are more likely to be injured by a family
    member than a stranger at any time during our
    lives.

3
Intimate Partner Abuseand Violence
  • Intimate partner violence (IPV) occurs between
    two people in a close relationship. The term
    intimate partner refers to current and former
    spouses, couples who live together, and current
    and former boyfriends and girlfriends.
  • Social scientists use the terms intimate partner
    violence and domestic violence interchangeably.

4
Types of Intimate Partner Abuse and Violence
  • Includes three types of behavior
  • Physical abusea person hurts or tries to hurt a
    partner by using physical force.
  • Sexual abuseforcing a partner to take part in a
    sex act when she or he doesnt consent (most
    commonly rape).
  • Emotional abusethreatening a partner or his or
    her loved ones or possessions or harming a
    partners sense of self- worth.

5
The Prevalenceand Severity of IPV
  • Women are five times more likely to be abused by
    a partner than a man is. Almost 75 of all
    attacks by intimate partners are against women.
  • Each year, IPV results in an estimated 1200
    deaths and 2 million injuries among women and 330
    deaths and nearly 600,000 injuries against men.

6
The Prevalenceand Severity of IPV
  • Women are more likely to report serious
    psychological impacts as a result of IPV after an
    attack.
  • IPV is a leading cause of death for women ages
    15-44 in the U.S. It seems that pregnancy is an
    especially dangerous time for womenwhy do you
    think this is?

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8
Characteristics of Abusive Households
  • There are several characteristics that make it
    more likely that a household will experience
    domestic violence, such as unemployment and other
    more personal things such as drug abuse.
  • Women are much more likely to experience IPV then
    men. Men are more likely to use a deadly weapon
    in an attack on their significant other.

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10
Age
  • In general, younger rather than older people are
    more likely to be the victims and perpetrators of
    IPV, and the victims tend to get younger over
    time.
  • Teen mothers are especially venerable for several
    years after the childs birth.

11
Race and Ethnicity
  • IPV occurs across all racial and ethnic groups,
    although multiracial and American Indian women
    report the highest rates overall.
  • Social classagain IPV is common across all class
    statuses, but it is most commonly reported in
    lower socioeconomic classes.

12
Marital Rape
  • Marital rape is an abusive act in which a man
    forces his wife to have unwanted sexual
    intercourse. Marital rape has been a crime in
    all states since 1993.
  • An estimated 25 of women nationwide have been
    raped by their spouses, yet they dont often
    report it.

13
The Cycleof Domestic Violence
  • Women who have killed their abusers have been
    pardoned based on the battered-woman syndrome
    defense.
  • There is a cycle of battering incidents that
    causes women not to leave their abusers.

14
The Cycleof Domestic Violence
  • Phase 1the tension-building phase The woman
    tries to reduce her partners anger by catering
    to him or consoling him in some way. At the same
    time, she believes her partners abuse is
    justified in some way.

15
The Cycleof Domestic Violence
  • Phase 2the acute battering incident This is
    when the actual physical or other abuse occurs.
    Some women anticipate this phase and actually
    trigger the violent incident to get it over with.

16
The Cycleof Domestic Violence
  • Phase 3the calm or honeymoon phase The
    abuser is calm and promises never to abuse again.
    As the cycle progresses over time, the first two
    phases get longer and the third phase can be left
    out altogether.

17
Why Do Women Stay?
  • Walker theorized the cycle of violence results in
    learned helplessnessthe woman becomes depressed,
    loses her self-esteem, and feels incapable of
    seeking help for herself.
  • Some women stay out of hope that the abuser will
    change. It is hope that keeps many women tied to
    abusive men.
  • The women may have low self-esteem and feel
    incapable of helping herself and even her
    children.
  • However, some women find the courage to leave
    when the violence spills over into the lives of
    their children.

18
Why Do Women Stay?
  • Economic hardship and homelessnessmany abused
    women do not work outside the home and may have
    nowhere to turn when her husband is abusive.
    There are more animal shelters in the U.S. than
    there are shelters for battered women and
    children.
  • It has been estimated that perhaps as much as
    half of homeless women and children are running
    from abusive situations.

19
Why Do Women Stay?
  • Need for child supportleaving her husband and
    filing for divorce may leave the woman and her
    children in poverty.
  • Shame or guiltthat they should be able to make
    the relationship work.
  • Blaming themselvesbattered women often believe
    it is their faultthat they have brought on the
    violence in some way.

20
Why Do Women Stay?
  • Fearis a MAJOR reason that women stay in these
    relationships. Some men threaten to kill the
    woman, her relatives, or the children to get the
    woman to stay.
  • The home becomes a prisonboth emotional and
    physical abuse trap the woman and her children.

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22
Women Who Abuse Men
  • In situational couple violence both the woman and
    the man are perpetratorsperhaps not fighting for
    control, but the violence is the result of
    conflict that turns into physical violence.
  • Women arent always the only victims of IPVit
    has negative effects for men, women, and children.

23
Child Maltreatment
  • Abuse and/or killing of ones children is not a
    new phenomenon. However, child abuse didnt
    become a household word until the 1980s.
  • Child maltreatment includes a broad range of
    behaviors that place a child at serious risk of
    physical harm. Physical abuse, sexual abuse,
    emotional abuse, and neglect can all play a role
    in child abuse.

24
Child Maltreatment
  • Sexual abuse is a type of maltreatment that
    involves the child in sexual activity to provide
    sexual gratification or financial beneficial to
    the perpetrator in some way.
  • Neglect is failure by a parent or other caregiver
    to provide child with lifes basic necessities.
    In cases of medical neglect, the caregiver
    doesnt give the appropriate health care that
    will ensure the childs development.

25
Child Maltreatment
  • Although not visible, emotional abuse could very
    well be the cruelest form of abuse. It conveys
    to children that they are of no consequencethat
    they dont matter.

26
Prevalence and Characteristics of Child
Maltreatment
  • Child maltreatment rates have dropped in the last
    decade, but there were still 794,000 confirmed
    cases in 2007.
  • Victimsalthough a child is often the victim of
    more than one kind of abuse, the most common form
    is neglect. Girls are slightly more likely than
    boys to be neglected.

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Perpetrators
  • About 80 of people who abuse children are
    parents and more than half of them are mothers.
    An additional 8 are relatives of the parents.
    Most states dont have data on the relatives of
    the victims, so some data is incomplete.
  • Fatalitieshomicide is the leading cause of death
    among infants, and the rates have doubled since
    1970. Of the 1,760 children who died of abuse in
    2007, 42 were younger than 1 year old and 76
    were younger than 4 years old.
  • About 70 of child deaths are caused by one or
    both of the parents.

29
Sexual Abuse and Incest
  • While the sexual abuse of children by strangers
    gets much media attention, sexual abuse is
    usually perpetrated by someone the child
    knows90 are family members, friends of the
    family, and other people children know.
  • Generally, children are too frightened to tell
    anyone, especially if the person who is abusing
    them is a family member.

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31
Why Do Adults Abuse Children?
  • There are many reasons for child
    maltreatmentsome are
  • substance abuse
  • stress
  • poverty
  • partner abuse
  • divorce
  • a combination of factors

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33
How Abuse Affects Children
  • Children often suffer a variety of physiological,
    social, and emotional problems stemming from
    abuse of any kind, whether it be physical,
    sexual, emotional, or psychological.
  • Some other effects are
  • Children are more aggressive.
  • It increases the likelihood of arrest as a
    juvenile.
  • It increases the risk of early, unplanned
    pregnancy.

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36
Hidden VictimsSiblings and Adolescents
  • Violence between siblings and abuse of
    adolescents are less visible, primarily because
    the authorities are rarely notified. Such abuse
    can be extremely devastating.
  • Sibling abusephysical, emotional, and sexual
    abuse of siblings can leave lasting scars just as
    abuse from other sources.

37
Sibling Abuse
  • Physical and emotional abusea national study
    found that almost 30 percent of children ages 2
    to 17 had been physically assaulted by a sister
    or brother at least once during the proceeding
    year. In 24 of all cases, the assault was
    serious enough to call the police.

38
Some Common Formsof Sibling Abuse
  • name calling and ridicule
  • degradation
  • intimidation
  • torturing or killing a pet
  • destroying personal possessions
  • Parents rarely take abuse between siblings
    seriously.

39
Sexual Abuse by a Sibling
  • Perhaps the most insidious form of incest is the
    sexual abuse of a sibling. It is rarely an
    isolated event, it often goes on for years
    without being reported to any authority.
  • Often the sibling being abused is afraid of not
    being believed by parents or of being blamed.

40
Adolescent Abuse
  • Victimization of teens is the root of many
    problems later in life.
  • Prevalencemany parents are physically and
    verbally abusive toward their children throughout
    their teen years.
  • Of all child victims, an astounding 27 are
    between the ages of 12-17.

41
Consequencesof Adolescent Abuse
  • Some teens strike back physically and verbally.
  • Others rebel or run away, withdraw, use drugs, or
    become involved in juvenile prostitution.

42
Elder Abuse
  • Elder abuse is another form of family violence
    that is rarely talked about. It can include
  • physical abuse
  • negligence
  • financial exploitation
  • psychological abuse
  • deprivation of basic necessities
  • isolation from family and friends
  • not administering needed medical care

43
The Victims
  • Researchers estimate that 1 to 2 million
    Americans age 65 or older have been injured,
    exploited, or otherwise mistreated by a family
    member or caretaker.
  • About 66 are women and 43 of both sexes are
    over age 80. Older women are more likely than
    older men to be abused because they live longer
    than men and may not be able to care for
    themselves.

44
The Abusers
  • Adult children make up 53 of abusers, 19 of
    abusers are the victims spouse. 90 of abusers
    are family members.

45
The Abusers
  • Reasons
  • Shared living arrangements can be stressful.
  • Social Isolation of the elderly is common.
  • Alcohol abusethe abusers tend to abuse alcohol
    as well.
  • Impairment of the caregiver or the care
    recipientthey are often unable to care for
    themselves as well.
  • Dependence of the elderly person.
  • Medical costs and financial stress.
  • Personality.

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47
Violence amongSame-Sex Couples
  • There has been considerably less research on
    domestic violence between same-sex couples, still
    the presence of battering in gay and lesbian
    couples is about the same as for heterosexual
    couples.

48
Racial and Ethnic Groups
  • Domestic violence cuts across all races, sexes,
    and ethnicities.
  • Immigrant women generally experience more
    domestic violence than American-born women. They
    may not report marital violence because of their
    poor language skills.

49
Explaining Family Abuseand Violence
  • Why are families abusive?
  • There have been several theories proposed as to
    why violence happens within families.

50
Explaining Family Abuseand Violence
Patriarchy or Male Dominance Theorymaintains
that mens authority creates and condones
violence against women and children. Social
Learning Theoryposits that we learn by observing
the actions of others, so if people have
experienced abuse between their parents growing
up they are more likely to be in abusive
relationships when they are adults.
51
Explaining Family Abuseand Violence
  • Resource Theoryaccording to this theory, men
    usually have greater financial, educational, and
    social resources than women do, so they have more
    power. The presence of abuse is based on the
    power in the relationship.
  • Exchange Theoryboth assailants and victims
    tolerate or engage in violent behavior because
    they believe that the benefits outweigh the costs.

52
Explaining Family Abuseand Violence
  • Ecological Systems Theoryexplains domestic
    violence by analyzing the relationships between
    individuals and larger systems such as the
    economy, education, state agencies, and the
    community.
  • Using Several Theoriesresearchers rarely rely on
    one theory, but use all theories to explain
    violence in relationships.

53
Other Family Health Issues
  • Substance abuseThe use and abuse of illegal
    drugs, alcohol, or pharmaceuticals can result in
    health risks or death.
  • Depression and suicidedepression is a mental
    disorder characterized by pervasive sadness and
    other negative emotions. Depression may lead to
    suicide.

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Suicide
  • Is the 11th leading cause of death in the U.S.
  • More than 33,000 Americans kill themselves each
    year.
  • Males take their lives at nearly 4 times the rate
    of females.
  • Suicide rates are highest among males 75 and
    older.

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58
Eating Disorders
  • Overweight and obesityrefer to ranges of weight
    that are greater than what is generally
    considered normal and are measured by body mass
    index scales.
  • Among children ages 6 to 17, the percentage of
    overweight increased from only 6 in 1976 to 15
    in 2006.
  • Obesity is a concern because it has negative
    health risks including diabetes, heart disease,
    stroke, and early death.

59
Eating Disorders
  • binge eatingconsuming an unusually large amount
    of food and feeling that the eating is out of
    control. Binge eating is one of the most common
    eating disorders in the U.S.
  • Anorexia nervosa and bulimiathese are very
    dangerous eating disorders and are common among
    teens in the U.S., perhaps due to the medias
    influence on behavior.

60
Combating Family Abuseand Violence
  • Raising awareness about family violence and
    abuseuntil we raise awareness about the problem,
    the abuser continues to have control of the
    victim.
  • Victim-advocate programs are inadequate to handle
    the shear amount of victims that make contact.

61
Preventing Family Abuseand Violence
  • Numerous organizations offer programs to prevent
    violence and other family crisis. Many schools
    and communities have implemented programs to
    teach youth about violence and its consequences.
  • There are limited intervention services for
    victims and even less intervention services for
    abusers who are serious about changing their
    habits.
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