Problems in

1
Problems in Water Supply, Sanitation Hygiene
Promotion (WASH)
2.1
Irish Aid photo
ICRC photo
2
Problem 1 In large scale emergencies,
particularly those resulting in mass
displacement, there simply isnt enough water
readily available.

FAO photo
3
Whats wrong with this picture?
If this pump can deliver 2 cu.m. of water per
day, how many people can it adequately serve if
there is no other source of water available?
A. If you assume 15 l/p/d 333 people.
Q. Why?
Photo - www.lifewater.ca/kardia.htm
4
1 m3 of water 1 metric ton
1 cube -10 cm X 10 cm X10 cm 1 litre
5
Problem 2 In many disasters where enough water
is readily available, it isnt safe to drink.
OFDA photo
6
All surface water is considered to be contaminated
UNICEF photo
7
Problem 3 Emergency water distribution
systems, especially for camps, are often badly
designed for ongoing, daily use.
OXFAM photo
Long queues for water are common.
8
Choose the best equipment for a rural emergency
camps water system from the selection below.
Tap A
Tap B
Tap C
Water Carrier C
Water Carrier B
Water Carrier A
9
Problem 4 Drainage, Drainage, Drainage!
Camp Hope, June 14, 1999
Camp Hope, June 22 , 1999
10
Which hectare (A-L) of this site is most suitable
for a tent camp, Based on site slope only?
Tree cover
630
A
B
C
D
Marsh
620
River
610
Intermittent stream
E
F
G
H
Paved road
610
619
Building
I
J
K
L
Elevation in 2m increments
610
0m 100m 200m
300m 400m
11
Problem 5 In mass population emergencies
involving displacement to crowded areas,people
defecate everywhere, quickly contaminating the
site.
12
Problem 6 Garbage piles attract rats and flies
which pose serious threats to public health.
13
Problem 7 Often, even when there are enough
latrines provided, they are not used.
Why?
MSF photo
14
VIP latrines are a world-wide standard...
Dominican Republic
Pakistan
Zimbabwe
Mexico
15
See Appropriate and adequate toilet facilities,
pages 107- 109 in 2011 edition
Vent pipe
Fly screen!
Dark inside
Removeable hole cover
Ventilated Improved Pit (VIP) Latrine
in use
16
Vector Control
Basically - 1. reduce vectors through waste
management and site drainage 2. Prevent mosquito
bites through provision of bednets 3. Use
chemicals only with expert guidance and always
with extreme caution
17
Problem 8 Poor living conditions, lack of
adequate water and soap, along with poor utensils
and containers lead to recontamination of clean
water and food at the household level.
UNHCR photo
18
Whats wrong with this picture?
19
Problem 9 The scope, scale, and speed of the
emergency situation overwhelms sanitation needs
BBC photo
20
WHEN TIME IS OF THE ESSENCE.

• What can be done immediately (hours and days) to
  reduce risks of dehydration and disease?
• What can be done in the short - term (days and
  weeks)?
• What can be done in the medium term (weeks and
  months)?
• What can be done for the long term (months and
  years?)?

See the Handout. An Emergency Sanitation
Problem
21
FIRST HOURS AND DAYS

• Water
• bottled water distribution
• tankering w/ bladder tanks
• treatment sachets for surface water sources
• jerry cans and containers with purifying tablets

UNHCR

• Sanitation
• Protection of water sources
• marked defecation areas
• signage and wardens to police sanitation
  situation
• soap

22
FIRST DAYS AND WEEKS

• Water
• tankering w/ bladder tanks
• hard tanks distribution systems
• jerry cans and containers with purifying tablets

IFRC photo

• Sanitation
• Protection of water sources
• marked defecation trenches or communal latrines
• signage and wardens to police sanitation
  situation
• soap
• education campaign

23
FIRST WEEKS AND MONTHS

• Water
• tankering only to meet gaps
• wells where possible
• purification systems where needed
• hard tanks extended distribution systems
• jerry cans

IRC

• Sanitation
• Protection of water sources
• family latrines or increased numbers of community
  latrines
• community sanitation teams
• Solid waste disposal system
• soap

Butyl Products
MSF
24
FIRST MONTHS AND YEARS

• Water
• tankering only to meet gaps
• improved wells where possible
• purification systems where needed
• maintenance of hard tanks extended
  distribution systems
• jerry cans

Butyl Products

• Sanitation
• Protection of water sources
• Soakaways at water points
• family latrines (VIP type)
• community sanitation teams
• Solid waste disposal system
• soap

25
CONCLUSION
Conclusions
The water and sanitation sector is so critical to
public health that these needs must be addressed
competently if humanitarian assistance in any
sector is to succeed. Community involvement is
critical in this regard.
AusAid photo