24.0 Analyze the interaction between environmental and natural resource sciences

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Forest Management

• 24.0 Analyze the interaction between
  environmental and natural resource sciences

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Products from commercial trees

• Nuts and fruits
• Oils, decorations, extracts
• Resins, gums, turpentine
• Mulch, tannin, drugs, oils, dyes
• Sugar, syrup
• Veneer, charcoal, pitch, pine oil
• Poles, posts
• Paper, paper products, wall boards
• Lumber, bolts, timber, wastes, ties

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Forest Regions of the United States

• Northern Coniferous Forest
• Softwoods, between Canada and the U.S. borders
  are soft and hardwoods. Region has swamps,
  rivers, lakes and marshes. The climate is cold,
  this is the largest forest in North America.
  Trees that dominate are evergreens and pulpwood
  trees. Species of importance include white
  spruce, Sitka spruce, black spruce, jack pine,
  black pine, tamarack and western hemlock
• Northern Hardwoods Forest
• Region reaches from Southeastern Canada to New
  England to the northern Appalachian Mountains. It
  is populated by beech, maple, hemlock and birch
  trees

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• Central Broad-leaved forest
• Located east of the Mississippi river, a farming
  region mostly owned by private entities. Wood of
  high quality is produced here, hardwoods such as
  maple, beech, hickory, oak, poplar, gum, walnut,
  cherry, ash, cottonwood and sycamore.
• Southern Forest
• In the southeast portion of the United States
  (covers Delaware to Florida and Oklahoma to
  Texas) It is the forest with the most potential
  for reaching future lumber needs. Conifers are
  the most important trees in this forest,
  including Virginia, long leaf, loblolly,
  shortleaf and slash pines. Hardwoods included are
  Oak, Poplar, maple and walnut

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• Bottomland Hardwoods Forest
• Found along the Mississippi River, contains
  mostly hardwood trees, the soil is highly fertile
  which hardwoods such as oak, tupelo and cypress
  thrive in.
• Pacific Coast Forest
• California, Oregon and Washington also the most
  productive forest in the United States. Douglas
  Fir, Ponderosa Pine, hemlock, western red cedar,
  Sitka Spruce, sugar pine, and noble fir are some
  of the conifers found in this region. Important
  hardwoods are Oak, cottonwood, maple and alder

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• Rocky Mountain Forest
• Much less productive than the other forests in
  North America. Western Pines are the trees of
  commercial value including western white pine,
  lodge pole pine and ponderosa pine. Aspen is the
  only hardwood grown in this area of commercial
  importance.
• Tropical Forest
• Located in Southern Texas and Florida. Major
  trees in this forest are Mahogany, mangrove and
  Bay which are all unimportant commercially, but
  ecologically important.
• Hawaiian Forest
• The wet forest region grows ohia, boa, tree fern,
  kuka, tropical ash, mamani and eucalyptus. These
  woods are used in the production of furniture and
  novelties.

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Relationship between forests and other natural
resources

• Forests play important roles in the water cycle
• As water circulates from oceans to rivers to
  lakes, the forest filters the rain as it falls
  and serve as storage areas. A forest regulates
  water flow, making it possible for fish and other
  animal and plant life to survive
• Forests filter rain and help reduce the erosion
  of soils
• Trees and shrubs are responsible for removing
  much of the pollutant materials from the air and
  water run off. They also help reduce the harmful
  effects of excess fertilizer that enters
  underground water systems.
• Forests and living organisms have many
  relationships
• Algae, fungi, mosses, and other plants make their
  homes in the forest. Forests also provide
  shelter, food, protection and nesting sites for
  many species of birds and fish. Shade provided by
  the forest maintains proper water temperatures
  for the growth and reproduction of aquatic life.
• Forests and wildlife relationships greatly vary
• Depending on species, the wildlife in each forest
  region varies due to climate and harvesting times

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Important types and species of trees in the
United States

• Softwoods
• Douglas fir
• Balsam Fir
• Eastern and Western Hemlock
• Eastern Red and White Cedar, Western Red Cedar
• White Pine
• Southern Pine
• Ponderosa Pine
• Sitka Spruce

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Important types and species of trees in the
United States

• Hardwoods
• Birch
• Maple
• Poplar
• Sweetgum
• Oak
• Aspen
• Ash
• Beech
• Cherry
• Sycamore
• Hickory
• Black Walnut
• Black Willow

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Tree Growth and Physiology

• Trees use carbon dioxide and water to do what?
• Manufacture simple sugars in their leaves which
  use additional carbon dioxide, oxygen, hydrogen
  to convert simple sugars into complex sugars and
  starches. Nitrogen and minerals found in the soil
  are used to manufacture proteins which are the
  building blocks for growth and reproduction.
• How does a new tree grow?
• Seeds, stumps, roots, tree parts
• Roots and Shoots
• Extend through cell division and elongation. Tree
  roots, stems and trunks grow in diameter by
  adding cell layers near their outer surfaces.
  This growth is called the cambium and can be seen
  as the rings in a cross-section of tree.
• Water and Minerals
• Water and minerals are taken up through the xylem
  which is located just inside of the cambium.
  Outside of the cambium is the phloem or inner
  bark which carries food manufactured in the
  leaves to the rest of the tree. Each year the
  tree grows new xylem, phloem and cambium as well
  as heartwood. Heartwood is the inactive core that
  gives the tree strength and rigidity.

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Properties of wood

• Hardness
• Weight
• Shrinkage
• Warp
• Ease of working
• Paint and nail holding
• Decay resistance
• Bending strength
• Stiffness
• Toughness
• Surface characteristics

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Woodlot management

• What is a woodlot?
• What must be considered when managing one?
• How are they restocked?
• Is it time and labor intensive?
• How are harvests planned?
• How are they protected?
• How is lumber seasoned?

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Activities

• Tree Part Collection
• Collect 10 different trees. Include leaves,
  seeds, and branches. Label and note where they
  were found. (handout)
• Go the following website http//www.fs.fed.us/r3/
  asnf/ navigate around the page and do the
  following
• Find the contact us link send an email
  explaining what you have learned and that you
  would like to come learn in the forest.
• Find the volunteering link what can you do to
  volunteer?
• Check out the site, is it easy to navigate? What
  is interesting to you? What would you like to do?
• Apache-Sitgreaves Field Trip
• Travel to Glenwood and identify the trees as well
  as visit with a forest ranger.

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Resources

• http//forestry.about.com/
• Agriscience Text Book Unit 10 Forestry Management