Expanding and changing cities

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Expanding and changing cities
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Advantages of Cities

• Urbanization The increase in city size and
  population.
• Most cities were in the Northeast, Pacific coast,
  and on waterways of the Midwest.
• They were connected by railroad lines and became
  magnets for immigrants and rural Americans.

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Advantages of Cities

• Factory Jobs, new education opportunities, and a
  growing middle class.
• Women take in boarders, do piecework, become
  servants, and work in factories.
• More entertainment, possibility to move to the
  middle class, and increase childrens education.

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GROWTH OF URBANIZATION

• Cities grew rapidly
• near raw materials
• industrial areas
• transportation routes.
• Opportunities in the job market.
• Terrible Conditions
• Poor sanitary and living conditions
• Tenement apartments
• Sweathouses

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Immigrants Move to Cities for Opportunities

• Some may have went to cities to join family
  others may not.
• Different regions and industries may have a
  majority of their workers from one particular
  place.
• Ex Steel mill workers in Pennsylvania were
  mostly Polish.
• New York factories Jewish
• Pacific Northwest fishing industry Scandinavians

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Migration from Country to Cities

• Farm technology decreases need for laborers
  people move to cities
• Many African Americans in South lose their
  livelihood
• 18901910, move to cities in North, West to
  escape racial violence
• Find segregation, discrimination in North too
• Competition for jobs between blacks, white
  immigrants causes tension
• The move to factory work was hard on famers
  because they now had to face a bosss
  restrictions and rules and be confined to a
  factory and not be outdoors.

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Engineers Build Skyward

• Skyscrapers 10 story and taller buildings that
  had steel frames.
• Provided office space for cities that had no more
  room left on the ground.
• Elisha Otis Developed safety elevator that
  would not fall if the lifting rope broke.
• The American Institute of Architecture-1857
• Required education and licensing to become and
  architect.
• Built schools, libraries, train stations,
  residents and office buildings.

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Electricity Powers Urban Transit

• Mass Transit Public transportation systems that
  could carry large numbers of people
  inexpensively.
• First commuter trains were dirty, slow, and
  unreliable. (Coal Powered)
• Horse pulled trolleys were slow as well.
• Electricity was clean, quiet, and efficient.

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Electricity and Mass Transit

• Electric street cars were reliable and could
  carry more people than horse carts.
• Electric cable cars did have problems
• The cables used to run the cars could block fire
  trucks, and traffic congestion blocked them from
  running on schedule.
• Boston first subway system in 1897. NYC
  followed in 1904.
• Growth of suburbs for those who could afford
  transit fares away from the city.

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City Planners Control Growth

• As cities grew architectural firms expanded to
  offer city planning services to make cities more
  functional and beautiful.
• Cities were zoned for different uses.
  (residential, industrial and financial)
• Parks, boulevards, buildings and electric street
  lights were a few of the new developments.
• Frederick Law Olmstead Designed Philadelphias
  Fairmount Park, NYCs Central Park, and similar
  parks in Detroit, Washington D.C., and California.

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Housing Conditions

• Tenements Low cost multifamily housing designed
  to fit in as many families as possible.
• Tenements were not clean, had little windows,
  poor ventilation, and were dangerous.

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Living Conditions
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Urban Living Conditions
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Water and Sanitation

• Water
• 1860s cities have inadequate or no piped water,
  indoor plumbing rare
• Filtration introduced 1870s, chlorination in 1908
• Sanitation
• Streets manure, open gutters, factory smoke,
  poor trash collection
• Contractors hired to sweep streets, collect
  garbage, clean outhouses-------often do not do
  job properly
• By 1900, cities develop sewer lines, create
  sanitation departments

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Fire and Crime

• Crime
• As population grows, thieves flourish
• Early police forces too small to be effective
• Fire
• Fire hazards limited water, wood houses,
  candles, kerosene heaters
• Most firefighters volunteers, not always
  available
• 1900, most cities have full-time, professional
  fire departments
• Fire sprinklers, non-flammable building materials
  make cities safer

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1871 Chicago fire killed nearly 300 people and
left more than 100,000 homeless.
Police officers in 1900s.