DISASTER PROTECTION A Time-Dependent and Policy-Driven Process to Protect a City

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DISASTER PROTECTION A Time-Dependent and
Policy-Driven Process to Protect a Citys
Transportation Systems From Disaster
Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster
Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA
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THE FOCUSFROM UNPROTECTED TO PROTECTED
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS
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A CITY CAN BECOME DISASTER RESILIENT WHEN

• ITS PEOPLE, BUILDINGS, INFRASTRUCTURE, ESSENTIAL
  AND CRITICAL FACILITIES ARE PROTECTED BY CODES
  STANDARDS AGAINST THE POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS
  OF LIKELY NATURAL HAZARDS

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COMMUNITY
DATA BASES AND INFORMATION
HAZARDS GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE
SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN
UP AFTERSHOCKS
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A DISASTER OCCURS WHEN A COMMUNITYS PUBLIC
POLICIES ALLOW IT TO BE

• UNPREPARED
• UNPROTECTED
• UNABLE TO RESPOND EFFECTIVELY
• UN (NON)--RESILIENT

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TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

• Provide an essential function to society by
  moving people and goods from point A to point
  B

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TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

• Types Roads, railroads, mass transit,
  water-borne and air transport systems, and
  pipelines
• Scales urban, regional, national, and
  international.

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ELEMENTS OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

• Built infrastructure
• roads, runways, airports, terminals, railways,
  stations, canals, ports, traffic control centers,
  maintenance and operation facilities, pipelines,
  etc.

• Operations side
• vehicles, traffic safety and control, power,
  commun-ications and signaling, maintenance,
  transportation operators, etc.

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FEATURES THAT AFFECT RESILIENCY

• Extend over broad geographical areas (exposed to
  many kinds of natural hazards)
• Large number of components that are subject to
  either POINT or AREA failure (multiple types of
  vulnerabilities).

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FEATURES THAT AFFECT RESILIENCY (Continued)

• Roadways and railways frequently follow river
  valleys (easier and cheaper to build, but prone
  to floods)
• Utilities, including pipelines, often follow
  right-of-ways (reduces legal problems and costs)

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FEATURES THAT AFFECT RESILIENCY (Continued)

• Multiple entities have responsibility for, or
  oversight of the system (variable policies)
• Typically owned by public entities and publicly
  funded (usually self-insured)

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FEATURES THAT AFFECT RESILIENCY (Continued)

• Different modes of trans-portation are
  interconnected
• They interact with each other and other elements
  of a communitys built environ-ment hence, the
  name, City Lifeline Systems.

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WITHOUT PROTECTION (i.e., building codes and
lifeline standards), NATURAL DISASTERS CAN, AND
USUALLY DO, CAUSE GREAT LOSS OF FUNCTION IN CITY
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS
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HIGHWAY SYSTEMS CAN LOSE FUNCTION
FROMFlooding from tropical storms, hurricanes,
and typhoons,Landslides (rock falls, spreads,
slides, flows)Earthquakes (ground shaking)
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AIR TRANSPORT SYSTEMS CAN LOSE THEIR FUNCTION
FROMEarthquakes (ground shaking and ground
failure)Tsunamis (tsunami wave run up)Tornadoes
(wind damage)
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SENDAI AIRPORT COVERED WITH MUD FROM TSUNAMI
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SENDAI AIRPORT COVERED WITH CARS, MUD, DEBRIS
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TORNADO DAMAGES LAMBERT AIRPORT ST LOUIS, MO,
UISA
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RAILROAD SYSTEMS CAN LOSE THEIR FUNCTION
FROMEarthquakes (ground shaking and ground
failure)
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JAPAN PASSENGERS STRANDED IN SENDAI STATION
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PIPELINE SYSTEMS CAN LOSE THEIR FUNCTION
FROMEarthquakes (ground shaking and ground
failure)
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DISASTER RESILIENCE REQUIRES CITIES TO ADOPT AND
IMPLEMENT PUBLIC POLICIES TO MOVE AWAY FROM THE
STATE OF BEINGUNPREPAREDUNPROTECTEDUNABLE
TO RESPONDAND NON--RESILIENT