Alyssa Retterath and Aditi Patel

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AMPHIBIANS

• Alyssa Retterath and Aditi Patel
• 1st Period Biology

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Classification

• KINGDOM Animalia
• Phylum Chordata
• Class Amphibia
• Order Anura and Urodela
• Anuras are frogs and toads.
• Urodelas are newts and salamanders.

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Habitat
They tend to stay in cupped shaped bases of
plants. They also stay in trunks and branches of
trees. They live in dry and wet environment,
tropical rainforest.
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Amphibians Important to Humans

• Amphibians were used in Folk medicine in the
  early ages for healing.
• They are an important part of mythology, culture,
  art, and literature.

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Important to Environment

• Amphibians are used as biomonitors. (Indicator
  animals)
• Pollution in the water
• causes an upset in the
• amphibian life cycle.
• Threatened amphibians

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Environmental Importance

• They are becoming extinct and we dont know why.
• Is the pollution effecting their habitat?
• They have existed on the earth for over 300
  million years.
• We started out knowing 6,300 known species, and
  have lost at least 168 in the last two decades.

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Uniqueness of Amphibians

• There are many pigments of amphibian skin. All
  these pigments have different meanings. All
  colors are to help with predators. Some colors
  help hide the amphibian, while other colors help
  warn the predator.
• A Siberian salamander lived to be 90 years old.
  That is the oldest age recorded for any animal
  its size!

Siberian Salamander
He will blend with rocks!
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Skeletal

• They have a back bone, webbed feet- no claws,
  attached limbs at shoulders and hips.

• Frogs/toads- legs shorter, weaker, rear legs is
  stronger so its easier for them to leap.

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Frog Evolution and Skeleton
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Unique Facts of Amphibians
Oh my gosh! Time for me to come out of
aestivation!

• These little creatures inspire many pieces of
  artwork.
• They are the evolutionary step between water and
  land animals. Amphibian means both sides of life.
• Amphibians go through aestivation. Aestivation is
  frog hibernation. They go underground in hot
  summer months and cold winter months to prevent
  losing their moisture.

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Respiration

• They extract oxygen from the air and water. They
  use gills, oral epithelium, and cutaneous
  respiration. Cutaneous respiration is breathing
  through the skin. Oxygen is absorbed through
  counteraction of blood and waterflow.
• Tadpoles breathe through skin with the help of
  external (Urodela) and internal (Anura) gills
  and/or with the help of lungs.
• All amphibians have lungs except for the lungless
  salamander and Onychodactylus.

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It's time for...
a cartoon!
FROG RESPIRATION Scroll down on website to watch
video
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Reproduction of Anura

• They usually mate during rainy times or in water.
• At night they get together in large groups to
  find partners.
• Fertilization takes place outside female body.

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Reproduction of Urodela

• Fertilization takes place inside the female body.
• They lay eggs one at a time

• The eggs are usually hatched in moisture.

Frogs
salamanders
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Reproduction

• They slowly lose gills and develop lungs.
• Tad poles get there hind legs before the front
  legs.
• Eyes, digestive system and other organs undergo
  changes to prepare for life

• They have no shells, its jelly like
• The eggs are usually left unguarded, but some
  frogs do keep their eggs until they hatch.
• Tadpoles/ polliwogs frogs and toads

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Amplexus

• Amplexus is when the male frog grasps the female
  frog between his front legs, while she lays her
  eggs. He then fertilizes the eggs with sperm
  fluid.
• Frog Reproduction Video

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Amphibian Nervous System
VERSUS
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Amphibian Nervous System

• The nervous system is a very simple structure.
  The brain is divided into five sections the
  spinal cord, hind brain, mid brain, cerebellum,
  and forebrain. The forebrain has two parts
  diencephalon and telencephalon.
• The Medulla has automatic functions as a normal
  mammal brain. The cerebellum controls posture and
  muscles. The cerebellum is also very small in
  amphibians, but large in mammals.

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Comparison of Nervous Systems
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Sensory Structures

• Nostrils are one sensory structure. There are two
  simple holes. The smell is registered by
  olfactory lobes. Olfactory lobes make up the
  front part of the brain.
• Eyes are another sensory structure. They have
  three eyelids. Amphibians have a fixed lenses and
  can not change focus.
• Amphibians have no external ear.

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How they work together
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Circulatory System

• A three-chambered heart pumps blood through the
  circulatory system which carries oxygen,
  nutrients, and carries away waste products.
• Amphibians are cold-blooded.

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Excretory System

• Excretion of liquid wastes produced in the liver
  come from the kidneys which goes to the ureters.
  Following this path it goes onto the bladder and
  out of the body.
• Excretion of solid wastes comes through the large
  intestine, then onto the cloaca. (an opening to
  allow such things to move through)
• Both wastes leave through the cloaca and the
  cloacavent.

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An Inside look at Amphibians
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Digestive system

• They have two large glands- liver and pancreas
  pour digestive juices into small intestine.
• Cloaca- Chamber that opens to outside of the
  body.
• The eggs, sperm, waste products pass through the
  cloaca.

• Digestive system consist of intestine, stomach
  and mouth.
• The food is mixed and partially broken down into
  stomach.
• The digesting takes place in the small intestine,
  than it gets absorbed.

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Amphibians are biomonitors?

• If environment is polluted, amphibians life cycle
  will be messed up because they breathe with their
  skin.(cutaneous respiration) Amphibians, can be
  used as environmental sentinels or biomonitors
  and act as an early warning system for the
  quality of the environment and the potential
  threats to other animals including ourselves.

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A brief review of key points...
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A final thought

• Amphibians
• Watch Year of the Frog Campaign video on
  hyperlink

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