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Food Science

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Unit Food Science Problem Area Handling and Storing Plant Products Lesson Testing for Carbohydrates, Fats, and Proteins Student Learning Objectives 1. – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Food Science


1
Unit
  • Food Science

2
Problem Area
  • Handling and Storing Plant Products

3
Lesson
  • Testing for Carbohydrates, Fats, and Proteins

4
Student Learning Objectives
  • 1. Explain why proper nutrition is important for
    all organisms.
  • 2. List the six essential nutrients needed by
    organisms and explain their overall importance.
  • 3. Explain the importance of water in the body.
  • 4. Explain how minerals are important to
    organisms.
  • 5. Explain the importance of vitamins to
    organisms.
  • 6. Explain the importance of protein for
    organisms.
  • 7. Explain why carbohydrates are essential to
    the survival of organisms.
  • 8. Explain the importance of lipids.

5
Terms
  • Adhesion
  • Amino acids
  • Capillarity
  • Carbohydrates
  • Catalyst
  • Cohesion
  • Disaccharides
  • DNA
  • Enzymes
  • Fat soluble vitamins
  • Inorganic compounds
  • Lipids
  • Macrominerals
  • Minerals
  • Monosaccharides
  • Nucleic acids
  • Nutrients
  • Nutrition
  • Organic compounds
  • Polar compound

6
Terms cont.
  • Polysaccharides
  • Polyunsaturated fatty acid
  • Proteins
  • RNA
  • Saturated fatty acid
  • Steroids
  • Trace elements
  • Triglycerides
  • Vitamins
  • Water
  • Water soluble vitamins
  • Wax

7
Why is proper nutrition important for all
organisms?
  • A. Three Needs of Humans/Organisms
  • 1. FoodFood provides energy.
  • 2. WaterWater is necessary for a variety of
    chemical reactions to occur and is the primary
    solvent in our bodies.
  • 3. ShelterOur homes and clothing protect from
    the extremes of the environment.

8
  • B. Nutrition is the process by which animals eat
    food and use it to live, grow and reproduce.
    Proper nutrition allows us and all other
    organisms to function at optimal levels.
    Nutritional stress inhibits our ability to
    function. Early sailors learned to take limes
    with them to prevent scurvy due to a deficiency
    of Vitamin C even though we really have only
    known about Vitamin C for a few short decades.

9
  • C. Proper Nutrition for animals and plants
    causes
  • 1. Increased feed efficiency for livestock as
    well as domesticated and wild animals.
  • 2. Increased rate of gain provides bigger
    financial yields for farmers.
  • 3. Decreased days to market weight enables
    farmers to increase their overall production and
    profit.
  • 4. Increased plant performance and efficiency
    again increases profit.
  • 5. Improved nutritional value of foodstuffs.

10
  • D. Poor nutrition results in lower production and
    returns because of
  • 1. Slow plant and animal growth
  • 2. Poor reproduction
  • 3. Lowered production levels
  • 4. Poor health
  • 5. Increased death loss

11
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12
What are the nutrients that organisms need and
how do they help organisms function?
  • Nutrients are substances that are necessary for
    the functioning of an organism.
  • A. Six Essential Nutrients
  • 1. Water is the primary component of all
    organisms. It is the primary solvent in the body
    which contains all of the dissolved and suspended
    solutes providing the transportation system for
    the body.
  • 2. Minerals are an important component of the
    skeleton, soft tissues, and fluids.
  • 3. Vitamins act as a catalyst in body processes
    vitamins help chemical reactions to occur in the
    body.
  • 4. Proteins are used to build and repair cells.
  • 5. Carbohydrates provide energy.
  • 6. Lipids provide and store energy.

13
  • B. These six essential nutrients are all equally
    important to the peak performance of all
    organisms including humans.
  • C. Water, minerals, and vitamins are all
    inorganic compounds and protein, carbohydrates,
    and lipids are all organic compounds. Organic
    compounds contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
    and come from living things. Inorganic compounds
    can contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, but
    they come from the earth rather than from
    organisms.

14
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15
Why is water important to the body?
  • Water is the most important inorganic compound in
    living things.
  • A. Water is an excellent solvent and has a high
    heat capacity.
  • B. Water makes up about 7080 percent of plants
    and about 75 percent or more of muscles and
    internal organs in animals.

16
  • C. Water serves many different purposes.
  • 1. Our body is made up a variety of solutions. A
    solution consists of solutes and solvents. A
    solute is the substance that is dissolved in the
    solution. The solvent is the substance that
    dissolves the solute. Using a glass of sweet ice
    tea as an examplethe solutes are the tea and the
    sugar and water is the solvent. Water is the
    solvent in which all nutrients (solutes) are
    dissolved and suspended.
  • 2. Water reacts with many chemical compounds to
    break down food.
  • 3. Water provides rigidity for plants.
  • 4. Water regulates body temperature.

17
  • D. Chemical properties of water are unique and
    aid to its universal importance.
  • 1. Cohesion is the bonding of water molecules to
    each other. This can be evidenced in a puddle of
    water on a table. Water is a polar compound.
    Water has a net charge of zero (one hydrogen and
    two oxygen atoms bond resulting no charge).
    However, because of the molecular structure (how
    the atoms bond together), a water molecule has an
    imbalance in its charge resulting in a slightly
    negative pole and a slightly positive pole.
    Because of this, water molecules bond to other
    water molecules very easily.
  • Waters high heat capacity is due to its
    polarity it takes a great deal of heat or energy
    to break the bonds between water molecules. This
    is why it takes a pot of water a seemingly long
    time to boil the heat must work to break the
    bonds before the water will boil. This
    characteristic is good for organisms because we
    would die if a small amount of heat were needed
    such as from the sun to cause us to boil.

18
  • 2. Adhesion is the bonding of water molecules to
    other substances. Again water bonds to other
    substances easily because of polarity, especially
    other polar compounds. A small drop of water will
    adhere to the side of your car or to the wall.
  • 3. Capillarity is the ability of a liquid to move
    upward against the force of gravity by molecular
    attraction to a surrounding surface. Water is
    able to move from the roots of a plant to the
    leaves because of cohesion and adhesion. Looking
    at a clear graduated cylinder will help to
    visualize how capillarity works in plants. The
    water bonds to the inside of the graduated
    cylinder due to adhesion. Water molecules bond to
    themselves due to cohesion. As the water moves up
    the sides of the cylinder due to adhesion,
    cohesion pulls more water molecules upward. The
    narrower the tube, the faster the liquid will
    move upward against the force of gravity.

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Why are minerals important to organisms?
  • Minerals are found in rocks, soil, and water and
    are essential to the body for optimal
    performance.
  • A. The primary purpose of minerals is that they
    become part of the body making up bones, fluids,
    and tissues.
  • B. Macrominerals are needed in large quantities.
    Macrominerals include sodium, calcium phosphorus,
    potassium, and magnesium.
  • C. Trace elements are needed in smaller
    quantities, but are just as important to your
    health. Copper, tin, iodine, and iron are
    examples of trace elements.

21
  • D. Many ailments can be attributed to a low
    mineral intake. Thus, many doctors recommend that
    humans take vitamin and mineral supplements.
  • 1. Anemia or a feeling of tiredness can be
    attributed to low iron levels.
  • 2. Fatigue, rapid pulse, and increased appetite
    can result form low levels of iodine.
  • 3. Muscle tremors or shaking can result from
    insufficient levels of magnesium.
  • 4. Low calcium levels can result in poorly formed
    teeth and bones resulting in Osteoporosis or
    brittle bone disease. Calcium is needed for a
    variety of chemical reactions and muscle
    contractions to occur. Osteoporosis can result
    from the bodys compensation of a lack of calcium
    by removing it from the bones.

22
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23
Why are vitamins important to organisms?
  • Vitamins serve as a catalyst in the body meaning
    that they cause chemical reactions to occur. They
    do not provide energy or build the body.
  • A. Vitamins serve many purposes including
  • 1. clotting of blood
  • 2. formation of bones
  • 3. aiding reproduction at both the cellular and
    multicellular levels
  • 4. keeping membranes healthy
  • 5. producing milk
  • 6. prevention of certain nervous system disorders

24
  • B. Vitamins can be classified as either fat
    soluble or water soluble.
  • 1. Water soluble vitamins include vitamins C and
    B. This means that the vitamins must be consumed
    every day because your body uses C and B vitamins
    as they are needed. Excess amounts of these are
    excreted from the body.
  • 2. Fat soluble vitamins include vitamins A, D, E,
    and K. These vitamins are stored in the body and
    used as needed.

25
  • C. Vitamins are essential to the proper
    functioning of the body, but they are needed in
    very small amounts. The recommended daily
    allowance of Vitamin C is only 60 mg, but one
    ounce of Vitamin C contains 28,000 mg. Large
    doses of vitamins can have negative effects on
    the body as well.
  • D. Animals receive most of the vitamins that they
    need through their feed, but supplements can be
    purchased to add to their ration.
  • E. Vitamins are usually made up of carbon,
    hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.

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27
Why do organisms need protein?
  • Living things are made up of many different
    chemical molecules. After carbohydrates, protein
    is the second most abundant nutrient found in
    plants. Proteins make up the bulk of all solid
    material within your body and the bodies of other
    animals. Your muscle, skin, hair, and inside
    organs are largely protein. Proteins are
    essential for body growth and repair.
  • They also make up some hormones which function in
    chemical control in the body and are found in
    enzymes and antibodies. There are many kinds of
    proteins found in plants and they are classified
    by their origin. Protein deposited in seeds is
    the major source for human consumption. Protein
    is essential for many of lifes biological
    processes.

28
  • A. The main purpose of protein is to build and
    repair cells. Three to five percent of the bodys
    cells are rebuilt every day. Protein is also the
    major component of the bodys genetic code.
    Proteins are an organic compound that is composed
    of one or more chains of polypeptides.
    Polypeptides are in turn made from amino acids.
  • B. Amino acids are monomers (single chemical
    units) that form proteins.

29
  • 1. Each amino acid contains a central carbon atom
    and four other atoms or groups that bond
    covalently to the carbon atom. Different amino
    acids have different R groups.

30
  • 2. There are only 20 known amino acids, but there
    are thousands of different proteins. The human
    body can manufacture only 11 of the 20 amino
    acids. The other nine are called essential amino
    acids and must be consumed through the food that
    is eaten.
  • C. A dipeptide is two amino acids bonded
    together. A polypeptide is a long chain of amino
    acids. Proteins are composed of 2 or more
    polypeptides.
  • D. Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts in
    intermediary metabolism which is a series of
    chemical reactions in which energy is released in
    slow controlled amounts so that cells will not be
    damaged. Enzymes lower the activation energy that
    is needed thus decreasing the amount of
    activation energy that is needed for a chemical
    reaction to occur.

31
  • E. Nucleic Acids are complex organic molecules
    that store important hereditary information in
    the cells nucleus.
  • 1. DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid is hereditary
    information in the form of a large molecule. DNA
    stores all of the essential information that is
    needed for directing all of the cells
    activities.
  • 2. RNA or ribonucleic acid stores and transfers
    information that is essential for the
    manufacturing of proteins. RNA is found in the
    nucleus and in the cytoplasm of the cell.
  • F. Foods high in protein include beans, meat,
    nuts, cheese, and eggs. Feedstuffs high in
    protein include soybeans, peanuts, cottonseed,
    linseed, and urea (nonprotein nitrogen). Protein
    from animal sources is usually of a higher
    quality than plant protein. Nutritionists
    recommend that about 15 of the human diet
    should be made up of protein.

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Why are carbohydrates important for organisms?
  • Carbohydrates are organic compounds that are the
    main source of energy for organisms. If low
    levels are carbohydrates are consumed, the body
    will use fat and protein for energy. This can
    result in insufficient levels of fat and protein
    to perform other vital functions.
  • A. Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen
    and oxygen. The number of carbon atoms will vary,
    but the hydrogen and oxygen atoms will be found
    in a ratio of 21. Water is also found to have a
    21 ratio.

34
  • B. There are three types of carbohydrates.
  • 1. Monosaccharides are simple sugars or single
    molecule sugars. They contain 1 carbon 2
    hydrogen 1 oxygen. The most common
    monosaccharides are glucose, fructose, and
    galactose all have a chemical formula of C6 H12
    O6 . Molecules that have the same molecular
    composition, but have different structures are
    called isomers.
  • a. Glucose is the main source of energy for
    plants and animals is created during
    photosynthesis (H2 OCO2 light à O2 C6 H12 O6
    ).
  • b. Fructose is found in fruits and is the
    sweetest of all the monosaccharides.
  • c. Galactose is found in milk.

35
  • 2. Disaccharides are double sugars.
  • a. Lactose is found in milk and is formed from
    glucose and galactose.
  • b. Sucrose is created from fructose and glucose
    and is found in sugar cane and sugar beets.
  • c. Maltose is formed from two glucose molecules.
  • 3. Polysaccharides are complex molecules
    containing three or more monosaccharides.
  • a. Glycogen is how animals store glucose.
  • b. Starch is how plants store glucose. Starch is
    found in potatoes, bread, vegetables, and rice.
    Plants are the primary producers of
    carbohydrates.
  • c. Cellulose is found in plants and is
    indigestible by humans. Ruminants are able to
    digest cellulose because of the presence of
    microorganisms in their stomach.

36
  • C. Nutritionists recommend that about 55 of the
    human diet be composed of carbohydrates. Humans
    should consume plenty of fruits, vegetables, and
    whole grain breads.
  • D. Unused carbohydrates are converted to fat and
    are stored in the body for future use.
  • E. The storage form of carbohydrates found in
    tuber, bulbs and roots is starch. Two forms of
    starch are known amylose and amylopectin.
    Carbohydrates in the form of starch are not used
    by the plant because starch is insoluble in
    water. However, plants manufacture the enzyme
    amylase which breaks starch down into soluble
    sugars for use by the plant. Amylase is an enzyme
    important in germination because it breaks down
    the starch present in seed to provide energy for
    the growing seedling. Starch is easily digested
    by animals and an important source of energy.

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Why do organisms need lipids to survive?
  • Lipids are important chemical molecules that are
    present in living organisms. Lipids are a fatty
    compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
    They do not dissolve in water and thus are
    referred to as hydrophobic.
  • A. Lipids are used for storage of energy, to add
    flavor to food, for a healthy skin and hair, for
    the nervous system, and for a variety of chemical
    processes. Lipids can be added to animal feeds
    helping to improve flavor, palatability, texture,
    and energy levels. Lipids are also needed to
    carry and store fat soluble vitamins. Fat soluble
    vitamins include vitamins A, D, E, and K.

39
  • B. The three primary types of lipids include
    triglyceride, wax, and steroid.
  • 1. Triglyercides are made up of three fatty acid
    molecules and one glycerol molecule. Examples of
    triglycerides include oils and fats.
  • a. Oils are triglycerides that are liquid at room
    temperature and are typically found in the seeds
    of plants.
  • b. Fats are solid at room temperature and are
    found in animals.
  • 2. Wax is a lipid consisting of a long fatty acid
    joined to a long alcohol chain. Because waxes are
    highly waterproof, they are found in the waxy
    coating of leaves and in ears.
  • 3. Steroids include cholesterol and cortisone and
    are found in hormones, nerve tissue, and plant
    poisons.

40
  • C. Lipids are created when a molecule of glycerol
    is joined to any number of fatty acids. Examples
    of fatty acids include lauric acid, butyric acid,
    and caproic acid.
  • 1. Some fatty acids are made by the body.
    Essential fatty acids are not made in the body
    and must be consumed. Therefore, a no fat diet is
    not acceptable.
  • 2. Depending upon how much hydrogen is found in a
    fatty acid determines whether it is saturated or
    polyunsaturated. When the molecule is completely
    full of hydrogen, it is called a saturated fatty
    acid. Saturated fats are solid at room
    temperature and are primarily found in meat and
    coconut.
  • 3. Fats that are liquid at room temperature are
    called polyunsaturated fatty acids. They are
    found in fish and in plants.
  • 4. Hydrogenation is a process where
    polyunsaturated fats can be made solid at room
    temperature. Whipped topping and margarine are
    examples of foods created through this process.

41
  • D. Most fats found in plants are deposited in the
    seed. For example, coconut contains 65 crude
    fat, soybeans 1520 crude fat and corn contains
    approximately 59 crude fat. Fats are the most
    concentrated food energy source.
  • E. In the United States, fat contributes nearly
    50 of the calories in the average diet. Recent
    studies linking high fat diets with
    cardiovascular disease and elevated cholesterol
    levels in the blood have caused people to cut
    back on their daily consumption of fat. Usually
    this has meant that persons eat less red meat and
    eggs, but it is also necessary to monitor intake
    of saturated fats from plant products as well.

42
  • F. Most doctors agree that an average person
    should consume about 30 of their daily caloric
    intake as fat and should have their body fat
    percentage be around 20 depending on various
    factors. Fats are an important part of the diet.
  • G. Foods containing lipids include margarine,
    butter, chips, plant oils, nuts, meat, eggs,
    cheese, milk, and ice cream.

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Review/Summary
  • Why is proper nutrition important for all
    organisms?
  • What are the nutrients that organisms need and
    how do they help organisms function?
  • Why is water important to the body?
  • Why are minerals important to organisms?
  • Why are vitamins important to organisms?
  • Why do organisms need protein?
  • Why are carbohydrates important for organisms?
  • Why do organisms need lipids to survive?
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