Containers and Damage Assessment

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• Unit 2.4
• Containers and Damage Assessment

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Objectives

• Key characteristics of containers
• Identify various types of highway, rail, fixed
  and portable containers
• Identify potential emergency control devices
• Recognize the importance of proper container
  damage assessment

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Key Characteristics

• Shape
• Pressure
• Non-pressurized (0 ? 5 psi)
• Low pressure (5 ? 100 psi)
• High pressure (100 ? 3,000 psi)
• Ultra-high pressure (over 3,000 psi)
• Capacity

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Container Use

• Fixed storage
• Transportation
• Highway
• Rail
• Intermodal
• Pipeline
• Portable

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Construction and Standards

• Construction materials
• Non-ferrous
• Ferrous
• Alloys
• Aluminum
• HSLA
• Stainless steel

• Standards
• Rail specification
• Highway spec plate
• DOT
• Motor carrier (MC)

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Fixed Facility Containers
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Non- and Low Pressure Storage
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Pressurized Storage
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Specialty Fixed Containers

• Telescoping
• Cryogenic
• Other unique containers exist
• Planning is essential

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Highway Containers
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Non-Pressurized (DOT 406)

• Common use Petroleum products, some poisons
• Construction Mostly made of aluminum

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Low Pressure (DOT 407)

• Use General purpose chemical tanker
• Construction Aluminum, SS or steel
• Might be insulated

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Corrosive Carrier (Dot 412)

• Use Heavy corrosive liquids
• Construction Black iron, SS or alloys
• May be specially lined

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Pressurized (MC 330 MC 331)

• Use Liquefied compressed gases
• Construction Steel, HSLA

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Cryogenic Carrier (MC 338)

• Use Ultra cold cryogenic liquids
• Construction Specialized with annular space and
  unique venting characteristics

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High Pressure Tube Trailers
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Dry-Bulk Carrier (Non specification)

• Use Hazardous and non-hazardous powdered and
  granular materials
• Pneumatically off-loaded

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Intermodal Containers
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Video ? Containers
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Rail Containers
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General Rail Containers

• Box cars
• Flat cars
• Gondola cars
• Hopper cars
• Tank cars

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Rail Tank Cars

• Classifications
• Non-pressurized (less than 100 psi)
• Pressurized (greater than 100 psi)
• Capacities up to 31,500 gallons
• Some are dedicated service (approx. 40)
• Intermodal
• TOFC and COFC

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Non-Pressurized

• Use Liquids with low vapor pressures
• Construction No expansion dome

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Non-Pressurized (with expansion dome)

• Use Liquids with higher volatility
• Construction Expansion dome for vapors

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Pressurized (Liquefied gas service)

• Use Liquefied gas carrier
• Construction Protective dome, no underside piping

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Shipping Papers and Placards

• Highway shipping papers
• Rail shipping papers
• Marine (Dangerous cargo manifest)
• Air (Air bill)

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Non-Bulk Containers

• Capacities
• Less than 119 gallons
• Less than 1000 lbs. water capacity
• Types
• Cylinders, bags, carboys
• Drums, boxes, totes

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Pipelines

• May be single or multi product lines
• Use of pigs
• Specific gravity
• Pipeline markers
• Safety features

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Radiological Packaging

• Special form
• Normal
• Low specific activity
• Type A packaging
• Type B packaging

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Summary

• Numerous types of containers
• General classifications
• Container used is largely dependent upon vapor
  pressure of the product
• Shipping papers are essential
• Radioactive packaging considerations

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• Container Damage Assessment

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Objectives

• Identify three types of stressors
• Understand the need for damage assessment
• Define BLEVE and its potential impact

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Types of Container Stressors

• Thermal
• Chemical
• Mechanical

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Failures and Releases

• Failures
• Disintegration
• Run-away cracking
• Openings in closures
• Punctures
• Splits and tears

• Release Types
• Detonation
• Violent rupture
• Rapid relief
• Spill or leak

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Container Damage Assessment

• Very risky operation
• Goal is to identify critical containers
• Ones in which catastrophic failure is possible
• Items to consider
• Pressure
• Container construction
• Type of stressor

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Critical Pressurized Containers

• Mechanical failures
• Pressurized tanks (e.g. MC 330 and 331) do
  tolerate dents well
• Thermal impacts
• BLEVE

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• Activity 2.4
• Container
• Recognition

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