Take Five

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Take Five

• Of all of the different types of natural
  disasters, which, in your opinion, is the most
  devastating and why?

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Unit 1

• Chps 2 3

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Recap from Scavenger Hunt

• Earth is 93 million miles from the sun
• The Earth is made up of the core (iron nickel)
  surrounded by the mantle (which is the majority
  of the earths mass).
• Alfred Wegener (1912) believed that all the
  continents were once united as PANGEA
• Continental driftslowly broke apart

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Recap from Scavenger Hunt

• The atmosphere contains oxygen
• The lithospheresold rock portion of the earths
  surface
• 7 continents North America, South America,
  Africa, Asia, Europe, Antarctica and Australia
• The hydrospherethe water elements of the earth
• Atlantic, Pacific, Indian Arctic
• The biospherepart of the earth where plants,
  animals humans live

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Recap from Scavenger Hunt

• Bodies of Water
• Hydrologic cycle continuous circulation of water
  between the atmosphere, oceans the earth
• 71 of the earth is covered by salt water
• Lakes hole 95 of the worlds fresh water
• Largest lake Lake Baikal, Russia
• Largest saltwater lake Caspian Sea

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Wally Points

• Describe the process of the hydrologic cycle

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What causes earthquakes?

• Repositioning of the earths tectonic plates at a
  fault (fracture in the earths crust)
• Divergent boundaryplates move apart, spreading
  horizontally
• Convergent boundaryPlates collide, causing one
  plate to lodge under another or the edges to
  crumple together
• Transform boundaryplates slide past each other

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How are earthquakes measured?

• Seismographs detect measure the size of
  earthquakes on a Richter scale (1-10 strength of
  earthquakes)
• 8.9 has been the largest recorded earthquake
  Kermadec Islands of South Pacific 1986
• Can cause tsunamis

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Wally Points

• How do humans, interacting with their
  environment, lessen the impact of an earthquake?

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San Francisco Earthquake, 1906
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Northridge Earthquake, 1994
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Northridge Earthquake, 1994
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Northridge Earthquake 6.9 magnitude

• 57 deaths
• 430 am
• Response times
• Hospital and emergency facilities
• Vs1971 Earthquake65 deaths, 601am

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What causes tsunamis?

• Earthquakes can cause a tsunami
• A tsunami can travel up to 450 MPH produce
  50-100 foot waves
• Largest tsunami 1971 off Ryukyu Islands near
  Japan238 foot wave

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2004 Phuket,Thailand Tsunami
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Tsunami Deaths - 2004 Asian TsunamiTsunami
deaths through February 9, 2005

• Country Confirmed and Presumed Deaths
• Indonesia 242,347 Sri Lanka 30,957 India 16,389
  Thailand 5,393 Somalia 298 Maldives 82 Malaysia
  68 Myanmar 61 Tanzania 10 Bangladesh 2 Kenya 1
  Total 295,608

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Wally Points

• How is the death toll so high?

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Assignment

• From your research, prepare a brochure about your
  particular disaster (given yesterday in class)
• What causes it? What are the warning signs, if
  any? Include information as examples of the
  destruction and devastation from the specific
  events that you have researched as evidence to
  convince individuals about the dangers of the
  natural phenomena. Also include how humans can
  alter the affects of a natural disaster.

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Take Five

• (1) What is an epicenter?
• (2) What is a ring of fire?
• (3) Why do you think that people continue to live
  very close to active volcanoes?

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What causes volcanoes?

• Most volcanoes are found along tectonic plate
  boundaries
• Magma, gases and water from the lower portion of
  the crust or mantle collect in underground
  chambers and then erupt
• Magma that has reached the earths surface is
  called lava
• Volcanoes are unpredictable and may be dormant
  for hundreds of years
• The Ring of Fire is the location of the majority
  of volcanoes along the rim of the Pacific Ocean

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Ring of Fire
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Worlds Largest Volcanoes (1) Mount Mazma/Crater
Lake, Oregon 6000 yrs ago
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(2) Mount Etna, Sicily, Italy Has the highest
activity level in Europe
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(3) Mount Vesuvius
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79 ADPompeii
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Pompeii
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Wally Points

• Are there any indications that a volcano is about
  to erupt?
• What is the difference between a volcano and a
  geyser or hot spring?

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What causes a hurricane?

• Hurricanes are storms that form over warm,
  tropical ocean waters
• They are called typhoons in Asia
• The eye or center is usually 10-20 miles wide
  and has clear, calm skies, but the winds may be
  moving at over 200 MPH
• Hurricanes are classified as Category 1-5 storms

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What do the categories really mean?

• CAT Winds Effects Surge
• 1 74-95 mph 4-5 ft
• No real damage to building structures. Damage
  primarily to unanchored mobile homes, shrubbery,
  and trees. Also, some coastal flooding and minor
  pier damage.
• 2 96-110 mph 6-8 ft
• Some roofing material, door, and window damage.
  Considerable damage to vegetation, mobile homes,
  etc. Flooding damages piers and small craft in
  unprotected moorings may break their moorings.
• 3 111-130 mph 9-12 ft
• Some structural damage to small residences and
  utility buildings, with a minor amount of curtain
  wall failures. Mobile homes are destroyed.
  Flooding near the coast destroys smaller
  structures with larger structures damaged by
  floating debris. Terrain may be flooded well
  inland.
• 4 131-155 mph 13-18 ft
• More extensive curtain wall failures with some
  complete roof structure failure on small
  residences. Major erosion of beach areas. Terrain
  may be flooded well inland.
• 5 155 mph 18 ft
• Complete roof failure on many residences and
  industrial buildings. Some complete building
  failures with small utility buildings blown over
  or away. Flooding causes major damage to lower
  floors of all structures near the shoreline.
  Massive evacuation of residential areas may be
  required.

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Hurricane Katrina
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What causes tornadoes?

• Tornadoes are powerful funnel shaped columns of
  spiraling air
• They are unpredictable

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• Singapore
• Waterspout 2007

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F-3 Tornado
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F-4 Tornado
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F-5 Tornado
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Fujita Tornado Damage ScaleDeveloped in 1971 by
T. Theodore Fujita of the University of Chicago

• SCALE WIND ESTIMATE (MPH) TYPICAL DAMAGE
• F0 lt 73
• Light damage. Some damage to chimneys branches
  broken off trees shallow-rooted trees pushed
  over sign boards damaged.
• F1 73-112
• Moderate damage. Peels surface off roofs mobile
  homes pushed off foundations or overturned
  moving autos blown off roads.
• F2 113-157
• Considerable damage. Roofs torn off frame
  houses mobile homes demolished boxcars
  overturned large trees snapped or uprooted
  light-object missiles generated cars lifted off
  ground.
• F3 158-206
• Severe damage. Roofs and some walls torn off
  well-constructed houses trains overturned most
  trees in forest uprooted heavy cars lifted off
  the ground and thrown.
• F4 207-260
• Devastating damage. Well-constructed houses
  leveled structures with weak foundations blown
  away some distance cars thrown and large
  missiles generated.
• F5 261-318
• Incredible damage. Strong frame houses leveled
  off foundations and swept away automobile-sized
  missiles fly through the air in excess of 100
  meters (109 yds) trees debarked incredible
  phenomena will occur.

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Take Five

• What is worsetoo much water or not enough water?

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What causes a blizzard?

• A heavy snowstorm with winds of more than 35 MPH
  and reduced visibility
• Can result in large snowdrifts
• Can lead to deaths of livestock as well as humans
• Largest snowfall in a given day 76 inches in
  Silver Lake, Colorado

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The Blizzard of 93in GA???
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What causes a drought?

• A long period of time without rainfall
• Causes crop failures and reduces watertable and
  other water resources
• Can also cause deaths in livestock for lack of
  food and water
• Dust storms can occur along with a drought
• Dust Bowl during the Great Depression (1930s) is
  one of the more severe droughts in America

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What causes flooding?

• When precipitation is not able to be absorbed
  into the earth due to heavy rainfall (as in the
  case of flash floods) or streams or rivers become
  engorged and water levels rise above and out of
  the banks

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In Class Assignment-- Should take about 20-30
min

• Using printer paper create a thematic map of
  weather patterns illustrating which areas of
  America are prone to hurricanes, tornadoes,
  blizzards, earthquakes volcanoesinclude a
  legend (the map does not have to be perfect)
• When you are finished, this will go into your
  portfolio

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Take Five

• (1) What is the difference between mechanical and
  chemical weathering?
• (2) What agents can break apart rocks?

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Other external forces shaping the earth

• Weathering physical and chemical processes that
  change the characteristics of rock
• Mechanical weatheringbreaking rock into smaller
  piecesdoes not change the composition of the
  rock
• Chemical weatheringwhen rock is transformed into
  a new substance as a result of the interaction
  between elements in the air/water and the
  minerals in the rock

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Other external forces shaping the earth

• The effects of erosion weathered materials are
  moved by actions of wind, water, ice or gravity
• Erosion may create new landforms or move existing
  landforms

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Types of Erosion

• Water erosion through the force of the water,
  riverbanks, lakes, stream banks etc, may erode
  the rock and sediment from the shore causing the
  body of water to become wider and deeper
• Sometimes the sediment and rock that is picked up
  from the banks and shores of rivers may be
  deposited in a fan-like landform called a delta

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Water erosion (cont)

• Waves may also erode the beaches or build up
  sediment deposits to create sandbars or islands

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Beach Erosion
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Wind Erosion

• Winds that reach at least 11 MPH move fine
  sediment (loess) from one location to the next
• Dust storms are perfect examples of wind erosion

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Glaciations

• Erosion of landforms through slow moving glaciers
• Glacier movement can create valleys and ridges
  (moraine)
• Chunks of ice may be lodged in sediment causing
  depressions or kettles that turn into lakes when
  the ice melts
• Glaciers may also have tunnels running under them
  formed by running water

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Glaciations
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Wally Points

• How can humans slow down the erosion process?

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Take Five

• (1) Give an example of each type of
  precipitation
• (2) What does convection refer to?
• (3) What are the 3 zones of latitude?
• (4) What is the difference between El Nino La
  Nina?
• (5) What is the greenhouse effect?

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Answers

• (2) Convection the transfer to heat in the
  atmosphere by the upward motion of air
• (3) Low/tropical, middle/temperate, high/polar
• (4) El Ninowarming of the waters off the west
  coast of S America La Nina-Winds blowing the
  warmer water to the lands on the western Pacific
  rim
• (5) greenhouse effectglobal temperature
  increases

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Building the soil

• Soil the loose mixture of weathered rock,
  organic matter (humus), air and water that
  supports plant growth
• 5 Factors to soil
• Parent materialchemical composition of original
  rock
• Relief-mountainsides do not erode and do not
  create
• Organisms-Plants, small animals that decompose
  material
• Climate-hot climates produce different types of
  soil density than wet climates
• Timeapprox. 2.5 cubic centimeters of soil is
  created per century

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What causes the seasons the weather?

• Seasons are caused by the earths rotation
  revolution around the sun
• Equinox marks the beginning of a new season
• Weather is the condition of the atmosphere in
  relation to the distance of the earth to the sun
  as well as water vapor cloud cover landforms
  bodies of water elevation air movement

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Recap from Take Five

• What are the types of precipitation?
• Convectionalmostly hot climateswarm air rises,
  water vapor condenses water droplets form into
  clouds
• Orographicmostly mountainous regions,
  precipitation falls on the windward side of the
  mountain and creates a rain shadow (b/c receives
  little rain)
• Frontalcold dense air masses that push lighter
  warm air masses upward causing precipitation

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Take Five

• What is the difference between weather climate?
• What are the climate regions?
• What is a biome?
• What are the four types of biomes?
• Using the climograph on page 64 answer questions
  1, 2 3

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Vegetation

• Ecosystemplants animals that are connected to
  each other
• Ecosystem of a region biome
• Forest, grassland, desert tundra

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Biomes

• Forestlands-
• Deciduous trees-broadleaf trees-maple, oak, birch
  cottonwood
• Coniferous-cone bearing-pine, fir cedar
• Mixed forest or rainforest
• Grasslands-flat, grassy, few trees
• Tropicalsavanna
• Northern Hemispheresteppe (prairie)
• Southern Hemispherepampas
• Desert Tundra-extreme climates (hot or cold)

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Assignment (Place in portfolio notebook)

• Complete the Chp 3 Assessment on pg 68-69Do not
  complete (1) Section Aplaces terms, Question
  8 under Main Ideas, (2) GeoActivity or (3)
  Internet Activity