Chapter 23: The French Revolution

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Chapter 23 The French Revolution Napoleon,
1789-1815
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Weak indecisive leadership
Serious Economic problems
Causes of the French Revolution
Class unrest resentment
Enlightenment ideas spread
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Economic Issues

• Frances Economy in decline

• Cost of living increased dramatically

• Crop failures lead to widespread starvation

• Government in debt
• King Louis XIV Queen Marie Antoinette
  extravagant spenders
• King inherits debts of French Kings before him
• Government borrowed heavily to help finance the
  American Revolution

• King imposes heavy taxes
• Merchants, factory owners, bankers of the 3rd
  Estate alarmed
• Taxes so high that there is little profit for
  business owners

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Louis XIV

• Weak leader
• Indecisive
• Little patience for government affairs
• Queen Marie Antoinette interfered offered poor
  advice
• Queen very unpopular
• Imposed Taxes on nobility

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The Social Order of France Pre-Revolution
Estate Description of Population of Land Owned of Tax Paid
1st Estate 10
2nd Estate
3rd Estate
The Roman Catholic Church
1
2
2
Rich Nobles
20
0
Bourgeoisie, City Workers, Peasants
97
1
50
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Revolution Brings Terror and Reform
The Assembly Reforms France Declaration of the
Rights of Man   Influenced by ____________________
__________________ and ___________________________
______________ Two important points of the
declaration include 1.   2.   Who was not
included?
Declaration of Independence
The English Bill of Rights
Due Cause?innocent until proven guilty
Freedom of Speech, ideas, press, religion
Women

• Powers of the Legislative Assembly

Power to create laws
Power to approve or reject declarations of war
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The Guillotine and Louis Execution
Louis XVI Goes on Trial Date Charges Result
January 21, 1793
Treason
Sentenced to death via the guillotine
Terror Grips France

• Maximilien Robespierre Fact File
• Jacobin leader
• Set out to build a Republic of Virtue?wanted to
  wipe out Frances past
• Changed the calendar (12 months of 30 days with
  no Sundays)
• Closed all churches
• Governed France as a dictator

• The Reign of Terror
• Most Famous Victims
• Purpose
• A Few Facts
• and Figures

Georges Danton Marie Antoinette
Rid France of enemies of the Revolution

• 1793-1794
• 40,000 people killed (mostly peasants)
• Robespierre guillotined July 28, 1794

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desire for privileges
gap between rich poor
Enlightenment ideas
heavy taxes
poor leadership
government debt
poor harvest high bread prices
Steps of the Revolution
Assembly creates a constitution.
War with Austria begins when Austria offers
support for Louis XVI.
War goes badly for the French, and mobs rule
Paris.
King is executed.
Reign of Terror begins as radicals take over the
government.
Terror ends as moderates gain control.
continued . . .
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French Revolution breaks out.
New constitution gives Napoleon all real
power.
Napoleon wins many victories.
Napoleon defeats royalist rebels.
Napoleon seizes power from the
Directory.
Napoleon crowned emperor.
6 Degrees of Louis XVI
Robespierre
Marie Antoinette
Metternich
Louis XVI
Napoleon
Jean Paul Marat
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Napoleon Forges An Empire

• Who was Napoleon Bonaparte?
• How was he able to take power in France?
• What did he promise the French people?

Military leader who later crowned himself emperor
of France
Directory (government after Robespierre) lost
confidence of the French people Drove out members
of the Directory voted in as 1st Council
assumed role as dictator
Restore order to France
Napoleon's Accomplishments





Restored order to France
Napoleonic Code
Crowned himself emperor
Strengthened economy
Concordat (agreement with the church)
Lycees (government run public schools)
Strengthened central government
French Constitution
Efficient tax collection
Ended corruption in government

• Napoleons Empire Battles
• Santo Domingo-gt Gave up New World ambitions
• Annexed the Austrian Netherlands parts of Italy
• Set up a puppet government in Switzerland
• Battled for territory of Austria, Prussia,
  Russia

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The Congress of Vienna
Klemens Von Metternich Fact File

• Foreign minister of Austria
• Not a fan of Democracy

Surrounding France with strong countries
French aggression
Power struggles between countries
Creating a balance of power so that no country
can dominate others
Restoring royal families to their thrones
Lack of legitimate leaders
Changes Made in Europe

• Made weak countries around France stronger
• Creation of German Confederation
• Switzerland became an independent nation
• Kingdom of Sardinia in Italy was strengthened

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The Revenge of Austria/Prussia/Russia

• Most decisions were made by Russia, Austria,
  Prussia, Great Britain, France
• Containment of France

• European Nations Attack Napoleon
• Elba
• Battle of Waterloo
• Saint Helena

Where Napoleon was exiled to
Napoleons last battle (lost)
Remote island in South Atlantic where Napoleon
was banished to (he tied 6 years later)

• Russia, Prussia, Austria, Great Britain, and
  France

Members and Reps
Congress of Vienna
Actions Taken
Goals

• Establish long-lasting peace in Europe

• Containment of France
• Balance of Power

Legacy

• Maintain balance of power in Europe
• Lasted 100 years
• Nationalistic feelings would explode into
  revolutions

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Dissecting A Revolution
France
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There is discontent amongst the people of all the
social classes
The Third Estate- resents the Old Regime system
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People feel restless and held down by
unacceptable restrictions in society, religion
and the economy or the government

• Economics high taxes, unemployment
• Resentful of clergy positions

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People are hopeful about the future, but they are
being forced to accept less than they had hoped
for.

• Enlightenment gives hope, but high taxes and crop
  failures are problematic

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People are beginning to think of themselves as
belonging to a social class, and there is a
growing bitterness between social classes.

• The bourgeoisie of the third estate is growing
  angry- they are educated and want more rights

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The social classes closest to one another are the
most hostile.

• Not really- it is mostly the Third Estate that is
  upset.

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The scholars and thinkers give up on the way
their society operates

• Enlightenment changes minds about absolutism-
  equality, liberty and democracy!

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The government does not respond to the needs of
its society

• Louis XVI is a poor leader and Marie Antoinette
  interferes with the government- instead of
  cutting back on spending, decides to tax the
  nobles.

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The leaders of the government and ruling class
begin to doubt themselves. Some join with the
opposition groups.

• Some clergy and nobles join the National
  Assembly.

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The government is unable to get enough support
from any group to save itself.

• Louis tires to escape, fails- gets Austria and
  Prussia to help him- that plan also fails.

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The government cannot organize its finances
correctly and is either going bankrupt or trying
to tax heavily and unjustly.

• Louis taxes are too high for the Third Estate-
  First and Second Estates have little to no taxes.
  

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Impossible demands made of government which, if
granted, would mean its end.

• Third Estate wants lower taxes, change in voting
  in the Estates General- would like to end
  absolutism and estate system

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Unsuccessful government attempts to suppress
revolutionaries

• Third Estate is locked out of the Estates
  General- Tennis Court Oath- Louis has Swiss guard
  surround Versailles- Storming of the Bastille

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Revolutionaries gain power and seem united

• Storming of the Bastille, March on Versailles,
  Creation of the National Assembly and Declaration
  of the Rights of Man.

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Once in power, revolutionaries begin to quarrel
among themselves, and unity begins to dissolve

• Food shortages, the government is still in debt-
  factions of Radicals, Moderates and Conservatives
  form

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The moderates gain the leadership but fail to
satisfy those who insist on further changes

• The Legislative Assemble creates a limited
  monarchy.

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Power is gained by progressively more radical
groups until finally a lunatic fringe gains
almost complete control

• Jacobins gain popularity- Marat calls for death
  to royalists.

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A strong man emerges and assumes great power

• Maximillian Robespierre

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The extremists try to create heaven on earth by
introducing their whole program and by punishing
all their opponents

• Robespierre wants to build a republic of virtue
  by wiping out Frances past- Committee of Public
  Safety

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• Reign of Terror

A period of terror occurs
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Moderate groups regain power. The revolution is
over.

• The Directory is formed with 5 moderate leaders-
  but is it really over???

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Nationalist Revolutions
People Simon Bolivar Jose de San Martin Miguel
Hidalso Jose Maria Morelos Louis
Napoleon Alexander II Camillo di Cavour Giuseppe
Garibaldi Otto von Bismarck
Vocabulary

• Homework
• 24-1 Chapter Outline
• 24-2 Visual Tour
• 24-2 Chronological Map
• 24-3 Picture Story Ottomans, Cavour, Garibaldi,
  Bismarck, Prussia)

Peninsulares Creoles mulattos conservatives
liberals radicals nationalism nation-state Red
Shirts realpolitik Kaiser
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Problems in Latin America
What were Caudillos?
Economic problems in Latin America
Role of the United States
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Geographic Barriers Andes Mountains, vast areas-
hinder attempts at creating a unified Latin
America.
Power of the Church Catholic Church was a
stabilizing influence, promoted education, in
colonial times owned a lot of land.
Social Injustice colonial class structure-
Creoles owned most land and wealth. Oligarchy-
ruling elite. Mestizos, mulattoes, Indians,
Africans have few rights.
Latin American Revolutions
Cash Crop Economies colonies sent sugar, cotton,
coffee to Europe dependency on 1 cropunstable
economy.
Economic Imperialism foreign investment helped
develop mining and farming- developed ports and
railroads, but only upper class and foreign
investors profited.
Caudillos- local military strongmen- had own
armies and gained control of governments-
repressive, ignored existing constitutions.
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Latin America Social Class Pyramid
Peninsulares- Born in Spain
Creoles- Europeans born in Latin America
Mestizos- Native and European Mix
Mulattos- European and African mix
Africans
Natives
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Latin American Revolutions
Slaves
Freedom
Independence
Creoles
Freedom
Independence
Native Americans and mestizos/creoles
Slavery
Independence
Creoles and royal family
End colonial rule
Independence
Social Class Percentage of Population Number of People
Peninsulares 0.1 15,000
Africans 6.4 900,000
Mestizos 7.3 1,030,000
Mulattos 7.6 1,070,000
Creoles 22.8 3,070,000
Indians 55.8 7,860,000
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Social Classes in Latin America
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Where? Haiti
When? Late 1790s

• How?
• Leads revolution in Haiti
• Becomes skilled general
• Frees slaves

Toussaint L'Ouverture
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• Where?
• Venezuela
• Peru
• Ecuador
• Panama

When? Early 1800s

• How?
• Liberator-Freedom fighter
• Lead solders into battle
• Defeated Spanish army

Bolivar
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Where? Argentina, Chile, Columbia
When? Early 1800s

• How?
• Joins forces with Bolivar to set Latin American
  nations free

San Martin
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Monroe Doctrine- Europe could no longer colonize
in the Americas. Spanish-American War- US joins
Cuba in the fight for independence from Spain-
Cuba resented US intervention. Panama Canal-
France had tried to build a canal and failed- US
befriends Panama in a revolution against Columbia
and in return, Panama gives the US a ten mile
wide zone to build the canal. Roosevelt
Corollary- gives the US the right to police the
Western Hemisphere.
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Nationalism
What is it?
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Nationalism is a people's sense of belonging
together as a nation. It also includes such
feelings as loyalty to the nation, pride in its
culture and history, and--in many cases--a desire
for national independence.
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Nation vs. State

• Nation A group of people with a shared culture,
  language, history, etc. who have the desire to
  have their own state

• State A political organization consisting of one
  or more nations of people.

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Nation State
Americans
United States
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Nationality (ethnic ancestry)
Culture
BONDS THAT CREATE NATION-STATES
Territory
Religion
Common Language
History
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NATIONALISM

• Greece rebels against Ottoman Turks.

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Manufactured incidents
Realpolitik
Ruled Germany without consent of Parliament
without a legal budget, as Prime Minister
Franco-Prussian War
Formed alliance between Prussia and Austria
United all of Germany
War against Denmark
Seven Weeks War
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The Unification of Germany and Italy
Germany







Italy







Both
Leaders-William I, Otto Van Bismarck
Leaders-Cavor, Victor Emanuel II

• Leaders-Aristocrats

Franco-Prussian War Seven Weeks War
War with Austria

• Many separate states united by spirit of
  nationalism

Resulting Government German Empire
Resulting Government United Kingdom
Austria left out of the confederation
Treaty left Pope in control of Vatican City

• At start, some territories states held by
  foreign powers

Resistance by liberals
Cultural divisions remain between industrial
north and agricultural south
Catholic-Protestant divisions
Majority Catholic
Prussia led unification drive
Sardinia led unification drive