WORLD WAR TWO

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UNIT 13

• WORLD WAR TWO

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World War Two Timeline

• 1933 Hitler became Chancellor of Germany.
• 1936 Germany sent troops into the Rhineland.
• 1938 The Munich agreement.
• 1939 World War Two begins.
• 1940 The Battle of Britain. German blitzkrieg.
• 1941 Pearl Harbor. Operation Barbarossa.

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World War Two Timeline

• 1942 Dieppe. Stalingrad. Mass murder of Jews
  began.
• 1943 Germans are defeated at Stalingrad.
• 1944 D-Day. U.S. bombs Okinawa and Iwo Jima.
• 1945 Germany surrendered. Hiroshima and
  Nagasaki. The United Nations is founded.

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13.1

• Appeasement

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What is Appeasement?

• Prevent aggressors from starting wars.
• Agree to those demands which seem reasonable.
• Chamberlain used this policy with Hitler in 1938.

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How was Hitler Appeased?

• He violated the Treaty of Versailles.
• 1933 Germany began to rearm.
• Reparations payments cease.
• 1935 Anglo-German Naval agreement.
• 1936 Troops marched into the Rhineland.
• 1938 Anschluss with Austria.

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Why did Chamberlain Follow the policy of
Appeasement?

• Appeasement would allow time to rearm.
• Hitler would defend against Russian Communism.
• People wanted peace.
• Britain could not fight Germany alone.

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Why Appeasement?

• Versailles had been too harsh.
• The League of Nations still existed.
• Neville Chamberlain misjudged Hitler.

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Results of Appeasement

• Britain was discredited.
• Millions of people came under Nazi rule.
• Appeasement encouraged Hitlers territorial
  ambitions.
• Contributed to the signing of the Nazi-Soviet
  Pact.

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13.2

• Long-Term Causes of the Second World War

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The Treaty of Versailles

• Land taken from Germany.
• Reparations.
• The War Guilt clause (Article 231).
• Germany was desperate for revenge.

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The Failures of the League

• Failed to stop aggressive moves in the inter-war
  period.
• Manchuria and Abyssinia.
• The League did not deter Hitler or Mussolini.

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The Impact of the Depression

• International loans were called in.
• Unemployment and poverty spread rapidly.
• Democracies seemed helpless.
• Contributed to the rise of aggressive dictators.
• The Depression resulted in appeasement.

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Hitlers Ambitions

• Hitler would regain the territory lost at
  Versailles.
• Lebensraum for his master race.
• Destroy communism.
• Massive rearmament campaigns under Hitler.

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Appeasement

• Hitler regarded Britain as spineless.
• The USSR signed the Nazi-Soviet Pact.
• The Munich Agreement was signed.

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The Nazi-Soviet Pact

• A two-front war was avoided.
• Hitler believed the pact would force Britain to
  back down over Poland.

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13.3

• Immediate Causes of WWII (1938-1939)

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Timeline of 1938

• September 28 The Munich Agreement is signed.
• December 1 Britain sets up a National
  Register.

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Timeline of 1939

• January 2 RAF produces 400 planes a month.
• February 15 Defense spending set at 580 million
  pounds a year.
• March 15 Hitler invades Czechoslovakia.
• April 25 Parliament votes to spend 1 322
  million pounds on defense.

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Timeline of 1939

• May 1 The Military Training Act introduces
  conscription in Britain.
• May 22 Pact of Steel.
• August 23 The Nazi-Soviet Pact is signed.
• September 1 Hitler invades Poland.
• September 3 Britain declares war on Germany.

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German Rearmament

• By March 1935 the Luftwaffe had 2500 planes.
• Germanys army numbered 300,000 men.
• Hitler publicly announced compulsory military
  conscription.
• France and Britain did not respond.

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Navy

• 1935 Anglo-German Naval Agreement.
• Allowed Germany 1/3 the tonnage of the Royal
  Navy.
• Equal tonnage of submarines.

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Rhineland

• March 1936 32 000 German soldiers entered the
  Rhineland.
• France did not respond.
• He was confident to look toward land in the East.
• Germany benefited from the industry rich
  Rhineland.

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Anschluss with Austria

• German forces entered Vienna on March 15, 1938.
• Britain and France verbally protested.
• 100 000 troops were added to the German army.
• Germany gained control of Austrian resources.

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Czechoslovakia

• The German population lived in the Sudetenland.
• Hitler planned to invade Czechoslovakia in 1938.
  
• Germany, Britain, France and Italy met in Munich.
• The Sudetenland is given to Germany.
• Britain warns Germany that Poland will be
  protected.

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13.4

• The Nature of Warfare

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The Nature of the Second World War

• Civilian Casualties are very high.
• Ideological Conflict fascism versus democracy.
• Total War everywhere is a battlefield.

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Tactics of the Second World War

• Blockade.
• Blitzkrieg or Lightning War.

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Technology

• Radar gave the British great advantage.
• Tanks German tanks were small and fast.
• Aircraft bombing was a major strategy of the
  war.

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Technology

• Medicine prevented infections.
• Code Breaking British were able to crack the
  German enigma.

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13.5

• Russia

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Operation Barbarossa

• A Blitzkrieg style invasion was planned for
  Russia.
• Russia was heavily unprepared.

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Hitlers Views

• Hitlers racial prejudices.
• Russia had oil reserves and wheat.
• Control of Russia was basic to the Nazi program.
  
• Russia was communist.

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Stalins Views

• Nazi-Soviet Non-aggression pact.
• Hitler was bogged down in the West and South.
• A British ploy to pull Russia into a war with
  Germany.
• Blitzkrieg made no sense against such a large
  nation.

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The Battle of Stalingrad

• German military methods were studied.
• Battle of Attrition would undermine Blitzkrieg.
• German army at Stalingrad become trapped.
• 90 of German casualties came on the Eastern
  Front.
• Russia had successfully undermined the
  Blitzkrieg.
• The turning point of the Eastern Front.

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Why were the Germans Defeated?

• Hitler underestimated Soviet forces and
  equipment.
• The winter of 1941-42 was brutal.
• Supply problems.
• Inadequate Soviet roads.
• Retreating Russians used a scorched earth
  policy.

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13.6

• The Pacific Theatre

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Pearl Harbor

• The Americans would be an easy target.
• A devastating attack would leave Japan a free
  hand in the Pacific.
• The Japanese missed the most crucial targets.

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Pearl Harbor

• The U.S. joined in the fight against the Axis
  Powers.
• World War Two was now an international war.

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Okinawa

• Part of a three-point American plan.
• Japanese forces were to hold the island at all
  costs.
• The U.S. would destroy the remainder of Japans
  merchant fleet.
• There were four airfields on the island.
• On July 2, 1945 Okinawa was declared secure by
  the Americans with heavy casualties on both sides.

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Iwo Jima

• The tiny island had two airfields.
• Japanese soldiers had strong defensive positions.
  
• Iwo Jima was softened up by bombing raids.
• The Marines took heavy casualties.
• Japanese determination would influence the use of
  the atomic bombs.

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Factors in the Decision to Drop the Bomb

• An invasion of Japan would be avoided.
• The U.S.S.R. was set to enter the Pacific War.
• The bomb had cost over two billion dollars.
• Millions of Japanese lives would be saved.
• Only three bombs had been produced.

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Why were the Japanese so successful at the start
of the war?

• The Japanese had developed modern battle tactics.
• The Bushido belief.
• Japanese soldiers were trained to live off the
  land.
• Japanese troops were supported by the locals.
• Americas military was not yet fully deployed.

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Why did Japan eventually lose the Pacific War?

• The U.S. overwhelmed Japan with her manpower and
  ability to produce war goods.
• Japanese factories were heavily bombed.
• Pearl Harbor made great propaganda.
• Shipments from mainland Asia to Japan were sunk.
• 104 000 tons of bombs were dropped on Japan.

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13.7

• The Holocaust

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Timeline of the Holocaust

• 1939 Jews must turn in radios and wear yellow
  stars of David.
• 1940 Jews are forced into ghettos. Nazis begin
  deporting Jews to Poland.
• 1942 Jews are forbidden to use public
  transportation or attend school. Nazi officials
  discuss the 'Final Solution.

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Timeline of the Holocaust

• 1943 80 to 85 percent of the Jews to die have
  already been murdered.
• 1944 Hitler began deporting 12,000 Hungarian
  Jews each day to Auschwitz.
• 1945 World War II ends in Europe. The death
  camps are emptied.

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Timeline of the Holocaust

• 1946 Nuremburg Trials.
• 1947 A Jewish homeland becomes the State of
  Israel in 1948.

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Possible Causes of the Holocaust

• Hitlers personal vendetta.
• Hitler may have been mentally ill.
• Jews were prominent within the Communist party.
• Jews had stabbed Germany in the back.

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Stage One Denial of Rights (1933-1938)

• 1933 Jews lose the right to be German citizens.
  
• 1935 The Nuremburg Laws enforce segregation.
• 1938 All Jewish personal property was
  confiscated.
• 1933-39 Government propaganda against the Jews.
  
• 1933-39 Jewish schoolchildren are humiliated.
• By 1938, over 25 of the Jews in Germany had
  left.

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Stage Two Acceleration of Persecution
(1938-1941)

• Expulsion and Gettoization.
• As Nazi territory expanded, so did the number of
  Jews.
• Ghettos.
• Kristallnacht.

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Stage Three The Holocaust (1941-1945)

• The Einsatzgruppe.
• The Wannsee Conference.
• The Final Solution.

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Nuremburg Trials

• Those responsible needed to be brought to trial.
• Nuremburg sets a precedent in human rights.
• 22 high ranking Nazi officers were charged.
• 19 defendants were convicted.

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How Could the Holocaust Happen?

• Well established anti-Semitism existed.
• There was always the fear that you will be next.
• All people were implicated in some way.
• The Allies must accept some blame.
• Hitler knew nothing of the violence.

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13.8

• Historiography of Adolf Hitler

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Hitler on Hitler

• Mein Kampf.
• Written to create a myth rather than describe his
  life.

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The Journalists Hitler

• Journalists of the 1920s and 1930s.
• Nazis were brutal thugs.
• Most journalists went into exile after 1933.

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The 1950s

• Hitler genuinely believed in his cause.
• Hitler was great in action, outmaneuvered
  opponents.

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The Hitler-Wave of the 1960s

• Without Hitler, there almost certainly would
  never have been a Third Reich.
• An example of the power of personality in
  history.

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The 1970s

• Began to use objective terminology.
• Psycho-historians suggested Hitler was psychotic.

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Debates of the 1980s and 1990s

• Hitler was a product of his environment.
• He would have gotten nowhere at any other time or
  place.

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Historiography of the Holocaust

• Functionalists refute the contention that Adolf
  Hitler was the sole initiator of the Holocaust.
• Nazi policy emerged due to competition between
  groups.
• The functionalist view is generally accepted by
  most academic historians.

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13.9

• Wartime Conferences

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Tehran

• November 28 to December 1, 1943.
• Big-Three (Stalin, Churchill and FD Roosevelt).
  
• Decide the direction of World War Two in Europe.

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Issues Discussed at Tehran

• The second front was discussed.
• Entry of the Soviet Union into the war against
  Japan.
• The possible creation of an international
  organization after the war.

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Yalta

• February 3, 1945.
• The defeat of Nazi Germany was imminent.
• Churchill saw a democratic Europe headed by
  Britain.
• Stalin wanted an increase in Soviet power and
  safeguards against further attacks.
• Roosevelt saw a world democracy headed by the U.S.

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Decisions at Yalta

• Germany would be divided into zones of
  occupation.
• Stalin agreed to free elections in Poland.
• The Soviet frontier would advance westwards.

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Decisions at Yalta

• The USSR agreed to enter the war against Japan.
• Trials would be set for leading war criminals.
• A meeting would be held to establish the UN.

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Potsdam

• July 16 August 2, 1945 to decide on the
  structure of post-war Europe.
• Truman (United States) and Atlee (Great Britain).
  
• All Truman would say at Potsdam was that America
  had a weapon of awesome power.

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The U.S.S.R.

• Stalin wanted security from future attack by
  creating a buffer zone of friendly countries.
• Stalin demanded that Germany make reparations to
  help Russia rebuild.

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The United States

• Bargaining power was strengthened by money and
  the recently tested atomic bomb.

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Britain

• England was bankrupt.
• Many colonies claimed independence.
• British were concerned about a Soviet presence in
  Eastern Europe.

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Decisions at Potsdam

• The USSR would begin collecting reparations from
  its zone of occupation.
• The allies agreed to divide Berlin into four
  sectors.

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13.10

• The United Nations

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The Atlantic Charter

• All countries should have a democratic
  government.
• Countries would trade freely with one another.
• All countries would share in world prosperity.
• Weaponry would be reduced.

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The Structure of the United Nations

• The General Assembly.
• The Security Council.
• The Economic and Social Council.
• The International Court of Justice.
• The Secretariat.

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Agencies

• World Health Organization (WHO).
• International Labour Organization (ILO).
• UNESCO.
• International Atomic Energy Authority.

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Other Effects of WWII

• United States and the USSR emerge as superpowers.
• Decolonization gained momentum.
• Communism spread rapidly.
• United Nations and the European Economic
  Community are developed.

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Other Effects of WWII

• Fascism was discredited.
• War was condemned as morally wrong.
• The introduction of the Nuclear Age.

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