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Myers

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Title: Introduction to Psychology Author: Preferred Customer Last modified by: pamela Created Date: 7/7/1998 3:26:24 PM Document presentation format – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Myers


1
Myers PSYCHOLOGY (7th Ed)
  • Chapter 18
  • Social Psychology
  • Social Thinking
  • James A. McCubbin, PhD
  • Clemson University
  • Worth Publishers

2
Fact vs. Falsehood
  • 1. In order to change peoples racist behaviors,
    we first need to change their racist attitudes.
  • 2. Most people would refuse to obey an authority
    figure who told them to hurt an innocent person.
  • 3. Studies of college and professional athletic
    events indicate that the home teams win about 6
    in 10 games.
  • 4. Individuals pull harder in a team tug-of-war
    than they pull in a one-on-one tug-of war.
  • 5. The higher the moral and harmony of a social
    group, the more likely are its members to make a
    good decision.
  • 6. Sex-selective neglect and abortions have
    resulted in China and India together having 76
    million fewer females than they should have.
  • 7. Those who keep a gun in the house are more
    likely to be murdered.
  • 8. From research on liking and loving, it is
    clear that opposites do attract.
  • 9. We are less likely to offer help to a
    stranger if other bystanders are present.
  • 10. Simply putting individuals from two
    prejudiced groups of people into close contact
    will defuse conflict.

3
Social Thinking
  • Social Psychology
  • scientific study of how we think about,
    influence, and relate to one another

4
Social Thinking
  • Attribution Theory
  • tendency to give a causal explanation for
    someones behavior, often by crediting either the
    situation or the persons disposition
  • Internal dispositional
  • External situational
  • Fundamental Attribution Error
  • tendency for observers, when analyzing anothers
    behavior, to underestimate the impact of the
    situation and to overestimate the impact of
    personal disposition
  • The effects of attribution
  • Optimist tend to the situation
  • Pessimist tend to the personal

5
Attitudes and Actions
  • Do our attitudes guide our actions?? Yes, if
  • Outside influence on what we do and say is
    minimal
  • The attitude is specific to the behavior (often
    we generalize, instead of referring to the
    specific act)
  • We are keenly aware of our attitudes

6
Social Thinking
  • How we explain someones behavior affects how we
    react to it

7
Social Thinking
  • Our behavior is affected by our inner attitudes
    as well as by external social influences

8
Social Thinking
  • Attitudes follow behavior
  • Cooperative actions feed mutual liking

9
Do our actions affect our attitudes??
  • Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon
  • tendency for people who have first agreed to a
    small request to comply later with a larger
    request
  • Saying becomes believing
  • Evil acts shape the self. But so do acts of
    goodwill.
  • Role
  • set of expectations about a social position
  • defines how those in the position ought to behave
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10
Attitudes/Actions Why?
  • Cognitive Dissonance Theory
  • we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we
    feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are
    inconsistent
  • example- when we become aware that our attitudes
    and our actions clash, we can reduce the
    resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes

11
Social Thinking
  • Cognitive dissonance

12
Social Influence
  • Conformity
  • adjusting ones behavior or thinking to coincide
    with a group standard
  • We are natural mimics
  • The chameleon effect
  • Helps us feel what others are feeling
  • Normative Social Influence
  • influence resulting from a persons desire to
    gain approval or avoid disapproval

13
Social Influence
  • The chameleon effect

14
Social Influence
  • Aschs conformity experiments

15
Conditions that strengthen conformity
  • Subject feels incompetent or insecure
  • Group has 3 or more members
  • Group is unanimous
  • Groups status and attractiveness is admirable
  • Subject has made no prior commitment to any
    response
  • Others in the group are observing
  • Culture strongly encourages respect for social
    standards

16
Reasons for Conformity
  • Normative social influence
  • Avoid rejection and gain approval
  • Informational Social Influence
  • accept others opinions about reality

17
Social Influence
  • Participants judged which person in Slide 2 was
    the same as the person in Slide 1

18
Obedience! Is highest when
  • One giving the orders was close and thought to be
    legitimate authority figure
  • Authority figure was supported by prestigious
    university/group
  • Victim was depersonalized or at a distance
  • There was no role model for defiance

19
Social Influence
  • Milgrams follow-up obedience experiment

20
Lessons from the Conformity and Obedience Studies
  • Milgram used foot-in-the-door
  • Nazis found many were OK with paperwork
  • Milgram found that more were OK if not actually
    turning dial

21
Social Influence
  • Some individuals resist social coercion

22
Group Influence
  • Social Facilitation
  • improved performance of tasks in the presence of
    others
  • occurs with simple or well-learned tasks but not
    with tasks that are difficult or not yet mastered
  • Social Loafing
  • tendency for people in a group to exert less
    effort when pooling their efforts toward
    attaining a common goal than when individually
    accountable

23
Social Facilitation
24
Social Influence
  • Deindividuation
  • loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in
    group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

25
Effects of Group Interaction
  • Group Polarization
  • enhancement of a groups prevailing attitudes
    through discussion within the group
  • Groupthink
  • mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for
    harmony in a decision-making group overrides
    realistic appraisal of alternatives
  • Can be prevented by a leader if he/she
  • Welcomes various opinions
  • Invites experts critics of developing plans
  • Assigns people to identify possible problems

26
Social Influence
  • If a group is like-minded, discussion strengthens
    its prevailing opinions
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