The Middle East

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The Middle East

• Historical
• A. Ancient civilizations in Mesopotamia (between
  Tigris and Euphrates Rivers- modern Iraq)
• 1. Sumerians 4000 3000 BC
• a. cuneiform- wedge shaped writing
• b. ziggurats- pyramid shaped
• brick temples
• c. built city-states
• d. developed irrigation systems

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Cuneiform
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ziggurat
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ziggurat
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Sumerian mosaic
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• 2. Assyrians- first to develop iron
• weapons
• 3. Babylonians
• a. Hammurabis Code
• b. Nebuchadnezzars Hanging
• Gardens of Babylon

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Code of Hammurabi
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• If a man puts out the eye of a patrician, his eye
  shall be put out.
• If a man knocks the teeth out of another man, his
  own teeth will be knocked out.
• If anyone strikes the body of a man higher in
  rank than he, he shall receive sixty blows with
  an ox-whip in public.
• If a freeborn man strikes the body of another
  freeborn man of equal rank, he shall pay one gold
  mina.
• If the slave of a freed man strikes the body of a
  freed man, his ear shall be cut off.
• If anyone commits a robbery and is caught, he
  shall be put to death.

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Hanging Gardens of Babylon
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• 4. Persians (modern Iran)-
• conquered much
• of Middle East under Darius the
• Great

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Darius the Great
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• 5. Phoenicians
• a. traded purple dye along the
• Mediterranean
• b. spread alphabet around the
• region

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B. Religion

• 1. Judaism- First monotheistic religion.
• Established in Israel around 3000 BC
• 2. Christianity-founded by Jesus in
• Jerusalem

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Jewish writings- the Torah
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Jerusalem
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• 3. Islam- means submission to Allah
• a. developed among Bedouin
  nomads in Arabia, early 600s AD
• b. Mohammed- prophet of Allah
• c. rapid spread across N. Africa

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The Great Mosque in Mecca
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C. Colonialism

• Ottoman Turks control area from Middle Ages until
  1918
• 2. European powers in control until after WWII

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Physical Geography

• Mostly arid plains and plateaus
• B. Some uninhabitable deserts- The Rub al Khali
• C. Climates
• 1. arid year round
• 2. decent rainfall along coast

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• D. Water
• 1. Major rivers- Tigris and Euphrates
• 2. Oasis- desert waterhole

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E. Oil!!

• 1. OPEC- Organization of Petroleum
• Exporting Countries
• 2. Saudi Arabia- Leading producer

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OPEC
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Palm Island in Dubai