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1
Section 1-5
The Opposing Sides

• In order for the colonies to actually gain their
  independence from Britain, they had to fight a
  war. ?

• No one expected it to last so long, however.

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2
Section 1-6
The Opposing Sides

• The Patriots, or Americans who supported
  independence, faced several obstacles ?

• Britain had a larger populationover 8 million
  against 2.5 million. ?
• Britain had the strongest navy in the world and a
  well-trained army as well. ?
• The Americans did not have a regular army or
  navy. ?
• Many colonists belonged to militias who were
  basically volunteers and served for short periods
  of time.

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3
Section 1-7
The Opposing Sides (cont.)

• Not all Americans supported the war effort. ?

• Some were neutral, some were opposed to fighting,
  and some were loyal to Britain.

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4
Section 1-8
The Opposing Sides (cont.)

• The Loyalists, or Tories, supported Britain for
  several reasons ?

• Some were members of the Anglican Church and thus
  loyal to Britain. ?
• Some depended on the British for jobs. ?
• Some feared the changes a new government might
  bring and feared challenging an existing
  government. ?
• Some just did not understand the war. ?

• Loyalist strength varied from region to region
  but was strongest in the Carolinas and Georgia.

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5
Section 1-9
The Opposing Sides (cont.)

• Some African Americans were promised their
  freedom if they fought on the British side, so
  they became Loyalists. ?

• The Patriots had some advantages over the British
  troops. ?

• They fought on their own ground, not thousands of
  miles from home. ?
• They had a personal stake in fighting to protect
  the freedom of their own land as opposed to the
  Hessian mercenaries, or hired soldiers, who
  fought for the British for money. ?
• George Washington was a leader with courage,
  honesty, and determination.

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6
Section 1-10
The Opposing Sides (cont.)

• Raising an army was difficult. ?

• Congress had trouble enlisting soldiers and
  raising money to fight the war. ?
• The Americans had militias, not a regular army. ?
• Soldiers usually signed up for one year of
  service. ?
• The Congress offered a three-year term, or length
  of service, but the one-year enlistment was most
  common.

(pages 162166)
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7
Section 1-11
The Opposing Sides (cont.)

• Some women also fought in the war as Patriots.

(pages 162166)
8
Section 1-13
Fighting in New York

• The British troops outnumbered the Americans. ?

• During the summer of 1777, Britain sent 32,000
  troops to fight in America. ?
• The British hoped to win an early victory.

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9
Section 1-14
Fighting in New York (cont.)

• The British defeated the Continental Army at the
  Battle of Long Island in August. ?

• Nathan Hale became a hero for America. ?
• He was discovered as a spy and hanged. ?
• After the defeat, Washington retreated to
  Manhattan and then across New Jersey into
  Pennsylvania, pursued by the British.

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10
Section 1-15
Fighting in New York (cont.)

• The Continental Army faced many obstacles. ?

• It ran short of supplies. ?
• The size of the army shrank. ?
• Soldiers became discouraged. ?
• Some soldiers finished their term of service and
  went home. ?
• Others ran away.

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11
Section 1-17
Patriot Gains

• More soldiers were needed, so some states
  enlisted African Americans. ?

• By the end of the war, every state except South
  Carolina had enlisted African Americans. ?
• In fact Rhode Island had an all African American
  regiment in 1778.

(page 167)
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12
Section 1-18
Patriot Gains (cont.)

• American troops scored victories at Trenton and
  Princeton, New Jersey. ?

• Washington caught the British troops off guard
  when he surprised them at Trenton in late
  December 1776. ?
• The British sent more troops under Lord Charles
  Cornwallis, but Washington marched his troops to
  Princeton and drove away the British.

(page 167)
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13
Section 1-20
A British Plan for Victory

• The British planned to gain control of Albany and
  the Hudson River to separate New England from the
  Middle Colonies. ?

• First, John Burgoyne would lead troops south from
  Canada. ?
• Second, Lieutenant Colonel Barry St. Leger would
  move east from Lake Ontario. ?
• Third, General Howe would move north from New
  York City, and they would all meet in Albany.

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14
Section 1-21
A British Plan for Victory (cont.)

• Howes troops captured Philadelphia, and the
  Continental Congress fled to the countryside. ?

• Howe postponed the move to Albany and stayed in
  Philadelphia during the winter.

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15
Section 1-22
A British Plan for Victory (cont.)

• The Americans, however, were able to slow down
  the British. ?

• American forces led by Benedict Arnold forced the
  British to retreat at Fort Stanwix, New York. ?
• General Burgoynes army captured Fort Ticonderoga
  but had trouble after that. ?
• Short of supplies and men, Burgoyne retreated to
  Saratoga, New York, in October.

(pages 167168)
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16
Section 1-23
A British Plan for Victory (cont.)

• The British lost the Battle of Saratoga. ?

• Burgoynes troops were completely surrounded by
  the Patriot Army. ?
• On October 17, 1777, they handed over their
  weapons to the Americans and surrendered.

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17
Section 2-5
Gaining Allies

• European nations helped the American cause. ?

• France and Spain were at war with the British in
  Europe and hated the British. ?
• They realized that the Americans had a chance to
  win their war, so they offered assistance.

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18
Section 2-6
Gaining Allies (cont.)

• France at first secretly gave money to help the
  American war effort and then publicly announced
  its support. ?

• In February 1778, the French and the Americans
  worked out a trade agreement and an alliance. ?
• France declared war on Britain and gave the
  Americans money, equipment, and troops to fight
  the British.

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19
Section 2-7
Gaining Allies (cont.)

• Spain and the Netherlands were at war with
  Britain. ?

• Spain did not recognize Americas independence
  until after the Revolution, but the Spanish
  governor of Louisiana, Bernardo de Gálvez, helped
  the war effort.

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20
Section 2-8
Gaining Allies (cont.)

• Washingtons troops spent a hard winter at Valley
  Forge, Pennsylvania. ?

• The army lacked enough food, clothing, and
  shelter. ?
• Some men deserted others resigned. ?
• Yet the Continental Army survived. ?
• In April news of Frances alliance cheered them.

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21
Section 2-9
Gaining Allies (cont.)

• A French nobleman, Marquis de Lafayette, spent
  the winter at Valley Forge. ?

• He offered his services and became one of
  Washingtons trusted aides. ?
• Other Europeans also volunteered to help. ?

• Casimir Pulaski from Poland died fighting for the
  Continental Army in 1780. ?
• Friedrich von Steuben from Germany taught
  military discipline to Washingtons troops. ?
• Juan de Miralles from Spain lent money, became
  friends with Patriot leaders, and convinced Cuba,
  Spain, and Mexico to send financial aid to the
  colonies.

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22
Section 2-10
Gaining Allies (cont.)

• Getting money to finance the war was difficult. ?

• To pay for the war, Congress and the states
  printed hundreds of millions of dollars of paper
  money. ?
• Soldiers had to be paid and supplies bought. ?
• The paper quickly lost its value and in turn led
  to inflation. ?
• Congress stopped issuing paper money because no
  one would use it.

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23
Section 2-12
Life on the Home Front

• Women often took over the duties of men while the
  men were in the military. ?

• Some women questioned their place in society, and
  some fought for womens interests.

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24
Section 2-13
Life on the Home Front (cont.)

• The Loyalists in the colonies faced hard times. ?

• Those who actively helped the British by spying
  and informing on the Patriots could be arrested
  and tried as traitors. ?
• Some were victims of mob violence or ignored by
  their neighbors. ?
• Many fled to Britain, to Spanish-owned Florida,
  or to the frontier.

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25
Section 2-14
Life on the Home Front (cont.)

• The issue of slavery was questioned, especially
  in light of the ideals of freedom for which
  people went to war. ?

• African Americans fought as soldiers in the
  Revolutionary War. ?
• They hoped that they would soon see the day when
  slavery would be abolished.

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26
Section 3-5
War in the West

• The war in the West took place along the
  frontier, west of the Appalachian Mountains, and
  involved Native Americans. ?

• They often helped the British by raiding American
  settlements.

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27
Section 3-6
War in the West (cont.)

• George Rogers Clark went west to end the attacks.
  ?

• In July 1778, he and 175 soldiers took the
  British post at Kaskaskia in present-day Illinois
  and then captured the town of Vincennes in
  present-day Indiana.

(pages 177178)
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Section 3-7
War in the West (cont.)

• The British recaptured Vincennes under Henry
  Hamilton in December. ?

• In February Clark and his troops surprised the
  British and forced Hamilton to surrender. ?
• This victory helped strengthen the western
  position.

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29
Section 3-9
Glory at Sea

• The British had a powerful navy and thus were
  able to wage battles at sea. ?

• They blockaded American harbors, preventing ships
  from entering or leaving ports. ?
• This effectively cut off supplies and
  reinforcements from getting to the troops.

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30
Section 3-10
Glory at Sea (cont.)

• The American Navy was too weak to fight the
  British, so they used privateers. ?

• Privateers were privately owned merchant ships
  with weapons. ?
• The privateers attacked the British ships. ?
• Congress authorized approximately 2,000 ships to
  sail as privateers.

(pages 178179)
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31
Section 3-11
Glory at Sea (cont.)

• John Paul Jones became a naval hero as a result
  of his battle near the coast of Great Britain in
  September 1779. ?

• The battle involved his ship, the Bonhomme
  Richard, and the British warship Serapis. ?
• After more than three hours of battle, the
  Serapis surrendered. ?
• The Bonhomme Richard sank because it was so badly
  damaged.

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32
Section 3-13
Struggles in the South

• By 1778 the British saw that it would be
  difficult to unite the American colonies back
  into their empire. ?

• They concentrated their efforts in the South,
  which had many Loyalists.

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33
Section 3-14
Struggles in the South (cont.)

• In late 1778 the British occupied Savannah,
  Georgia, and took over most of the state. ?

• In 1780 General Henry Clinton himself went to
  attack Charles Town, South Carolina. ?
• In May Charles Town surrendered. ?
• It was the worst defeat for the Americans during
  the war.

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34
Section 3-15
Struggles in the South (cont.)

• General Charles Cornwallis remained in the South
  as commander of the British forces. ?

• The British scored another victory at Camden,
  South Carolina, in August 1780.

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35
Section 3-16
Struggles in the South (cont.)

• The Patriots used guerrilla warfare to catch the
  British off guard. ?

• Frances Marion was one of the successful
  guerrilla leaders of eastern South Carolina.

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Section 3-17
Struggles in the South (cont.)

• The Patriots were victorious at Kings Mountain in
  central North Carolina in September 1780. ?

• They forced the British to retreat.

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37
Section 3-18
Struggles in the South (cont.)

• Another battle at Cowpens, South Carolina, saw
  the British defeated in January 1781. ?

• In March the Continental commander Nathaniel
  Greene met General Cornwalliss army at Guilford
  Courthouse in present-day Greensboro, North
  Carolina. ?
• Greenes army retreated, and even Cornwalliss
  troops ended the battle. ?
• They suffered many losses, so Cornwallis
  abandoned the campaign to take North Carolina.

(pages 179182)
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38
Section 3-19
Struggles in the South (cont.)

• In April 1781, the Cornwallis troops decided to
  march north to Virginia, carrying out raids and
  nearly capturing Governor Thomas Jefferson and
  the Virginia legislature in June. ?

• Cornwallis set up camp at Yorktown, Virginia.

(pages 179182)
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39
Section 3-20
Struggles in the South (cont.)

• George Washington sent Lafayette and General
  Anthony Wayne to fight Cornwallis. ?

• The battle for the South was almost over, but the
  war was at a point where each side needed a
  victory to win.

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40
Section 4-5
Victory at Yorktown

• Washington planned a complex and secretive
  takeover at Yorktown, Virginia, in hopes of
  surprising Cornwallis. ?

• Washington was originally going to attack New
  York City because he was expecting a French fleet
  to arrive there to help. ?
• The French fleet never reached New York City
  because the British fleet trapped them in
  Newport.

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Section 4-6
Victory at Yorktown (cont.)

• Washington planned an attack on Yorktown instead.
  ?

• He knew the British expected him at New York
  City, so this change would surprise and confuse
  them. ?
• He learned that a second French fleet was to
  arrive near Chesapeake Bay, and he hoped that
  they would meet at Yorktown.

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42
Section 4-7
Victory at Yorktown (cont.)

• The Yorktown plan was kept secret. ?

• Three groups were to meet there and surprise the
  British. ?

• In August 1781, Admiral François de Grasses
  fleet was to land along the Virginia coast near
  Yorktown. ?
• In July the first French fleet that was trapped
  in Newport would meet Washingtons troops and
  march south to Yorktown. ?
• Their commander was General Rochambeau. ?
• A third group from the west under Anthony Wayne
  was to march toward Yorktown, Virginia.

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43
Section 4-8
Victory at Yorktown (cont.)

• The plan worked. ?

• By the end of September, 14,000 American and
  French troops trapped Cornwalliss 7,500 troops.
  ?
• The British troops could not escape by sea
  because de Grasses troops blocked them. ?
• The rest of the British Army was in New York
  under General Clinton, unable to help Cornwallis
  in the South.

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44
Section 4-9
Victory at Yorktown (cont.)

• On October 9, American and French troops
  bombarded the British. ?

• On October 19, Cornwallis surrendered. ?
• The Patriots had won the Battle of Yorktown.

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45
Section 4-11
Independence

• Fighting continued after the Battle of Yorktown,
  but the British realized that the war was too
  costly to continue. ?

• Delegates from both sides met in Paris. ?
• After a preliminary treaty was ratified in April
  1783, the final Treaty of Paris was signed on
  September 3, 1783.

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46
Section 4-12
Independence (cont.)

• It said that ?

• Britain recognized the United States as an
  independent nation ?
• the United States territory extended from the
  Atlantic Ocean west to the Mississippi River and
  from Canada in the north to Spanish Florida in
  the south ?
• the British promised to withdraw all troops and
  agreed to give Americans the right to fish off
  the coast of Canada ?
• the United States agreed that British merchants
  could collect on debts owed by Americans ?
• property taken from Loyalists would be returned
  to them

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47
Section 4-13
Independence (cont.)

• George Washington gave up his command and on
  December 4 gave his farewell speech. ?

• Two weeks later, he formally resigned and
  returned home to Mount Vernon.

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48
Section 4-14
Independence (cont.)

• America won the war against the worlds strongest
  power. ?

• Americans fought on their own land. ?
• Americans controlled the countryside, where they
  knew the local terrain, even though Britain
  captured the cities. ?
• Help from other nations contributed to the
  victory. ?
• Mostly, the people fought the battles with
  determination and belief in their ideals.

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