New Binders Based on the Addition of Reactive Magnesia to Hydraulic Cements With or Without Added Pozzolan.

1
New Binders Based on the Addition of Reactive
Magnesia to Hydraulic Cements With or Without
Added Pozzolan.
Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
All I ask is that the industry think about what I
am saying. John Harrison B.Sc. B.Ec. FCPA.
2
Construction Industry Minerals

• Vitrified and calcined minerals and their
  derivatives are the main materials used to
  construct the built environment which is our
  footprint on earth.
• Globally over 3 billion tonnes of calcined
  minerals (cement, lime and magnesia) are produced
  annually. Global Portland cement production is in
  the order of 1.8 billion tonnes. The largest
  producers of Portland cement are China at over
  500 million tonnes followed by India at over 109
  million tonnes. The figures for vitrified clays
  are substantial but unknown.
• TecEco estimate that buildings and infrastructure
  account for over 60 of anthropogenic materials
  flows.
• The built environment represents a huge
  opportunity for sustainability.
• Greater durability
• Lower embodied and lifetime energies
• Waste utilisation and recycling
• Abatement and better still - sequestration

TecEco technology address sustainability issues
in a holistic way
3
Sustainability Issues

• Calcined mineral materials and their derivatives
  used in construction such as Portland cement,
  lime and magnesia are made from carbonates.
• The process of calcination involves driving off
  chemically bound CO2 with heat.
• MCO3 ?MO CO2
• ?
• Fuel oil, coal, natural gas or other fuels are
  directly or indirectly burned to produce the
  energy required for vitrification of clays and
  producing calcined materials releasing CO2.
• The production of vitrified and calcined mineral
  materials accounts for around 12 -15 of global
  anthropogenic CO2.

4
Materials Science Issues with OPC Concrete

• Talked about
• Rheology
• Time for and method of placing and finishing
• Shrinkage
• Cracking, crack control
• Durability and Performance
• Sulphate and chloride resistance
• Carbonation
• Corrosion of steel and other reinforcing
• Bonding to brick and tiles
• Alkali aggregate reactions
• Delayed reactions (eg ettringite)
• Efflorescence
• Rarely discussed
• Sustainability
• Emissions and embodied energies

Should the discussion be more about how we could
fix the material, overcoming rather than
tolerating and mitigating these problems?
5
Conclusions?

• Sustainability can be improved with improved
  performance (eg.durability) and emissions
  reductions (lower embodied energies).
• Cementitous calcined mineral materials or
  composites including OPC concretes offer more
  scope for sustainability than vitrified minerals.
• Portlandite is the main problem with Portland
  cement.
• Better to fundamentally fix the material than
  continue with what amount to band aid fixes.
• The merits of removing and replacing Portlandite
  with another less soluble, easily manufactured
  alkali should be considered.
• Technology improvements increase market share and
  fuel economic growth
• Carbon trading and regulations will favour
  adoption of better technologies.

The TecEco technology is an opportunity to be
taken not a threat to be ignored!
6
TecEco Technology - Simple Yet Ingenious?
The consequences of removing Portlandite (lime)
with the pozzolanic reaction and filling the
voids between hydrating cement grains with
brucite, an insoluble alkaline mineral, need to
be considered.
Glue as well as Velcro?
Partially hydrated Portland cement paste
Soroos,1999 .
The important thing in science is not so much to
obtain new facts as to discover new ways of
thinking about them. -- Sir William Bragg
7
TecEco Cements A Blending System
Imagination is more important than knowledge,
knowledge is limited. Albert Einstein
TecEco cements are a system of blending reactive
magnesia, Portland cement and usually a pozzolan
8
TecEco Cement Summary

• Two main formulation strategies so far
• TecEco modified Portland cements (eg 10 MgO, 90
  OPC.)
• Contain more Portland cement than reactive
  magnesia
• Reactive magnesia hydrates in the same rate order
  as Portland cement forming brucite which
  densifies, maintains a lower long term pH and due
  to its low solubility, mobility and reactivity
  results in greater durability.
• Other benefits include improvements in rheology,
  the use of a wider range of aggregates and
  possibly no shrinkage
• TecEco eco-cements (eg 50-75 MgO, 50-25 OPC)
• Contain more reactive magnesia than Portland
  cement
• Brucite in porous materials eventually carbonates
  
• Forming stronger fibrous minerals.
• Resulting in huge opportunities for abatement.

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Reactivity Overcomes Delayed Hydration Problems.

• Delayed hydration leads to dimensional distress.
• Magnesium was banned in Portland cements because
  when it goes through the high temperature process
  of making Portland cement it becomes periclase.
  It is dead burned, hydrates slowly and causes
  dimensional distress.
• Dead burned lime is much more expansive than dead
  burned magnesia(1), a problem largely forgotten
  about by cement chemists.
• The reactivity of magnesia is a function of the
  state of disorder, specific surface area and
  glass forming impurities.
• The state of disorder is dependent on the
  temperature of calcining and probably the most
  important, followed by the level of impurities
  such as iron.
• Make a particle small enough and it will react
  with just about anything
• A new patented TecEco kiln technology which
  combines calcining and grinding should make it
  possible to calcine at lower temperatures and
  produce more reactive magnesia with reduced
  problems due to impurities as well as capture
  CO2.
• (1) Ramachandran V. S., Concrete Science, Heydon
  Son Ltd. 1981, p 358-360.

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Why Replace Portlandite with Brucite?

• Portlandite is reactive, carbonates readily and
  being soluble can act as an electrolyte. TecEco
  remove Portlandite in reactions with Pozzolans.
• TecEco replace Portlandite with brucite which is
  much less soluble, mobile and reactive, does not
  act as an electrolyte or carbonate as readily.
• Improving the rheology
• Using up bleed water as it hydrates
• Filling in the pores, increasing the density
• Sealing off the atmosphere
• Providing long term pH control with many
  consequences including greater durability.

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Ramifications of Adding Reactive Magnesia (1)

• A lower more Stable Long Term pH? As Portlandite
  is removed the pH becomes governed by the
  solubility of brucite and is much lower at around
  10.5 -11, allowing a wider range of aggregates to
  be used without AAR problems. Carbonation is
  slower and the pH remains high enough to keep Fe
  FeO and Fe3O4 stable for much longer.
• Durability TecEco modified Portland cements are
  denser, protected by brucite, are not attacked
  by salts, do not carbonate readily and last
  indefinitely.
• Easy to Use With improved homogeneity and
  rheology. Fine magnesia acts as a lubricant for
  Portland cement.

12
Ramifications of Adding Reactive Magnesia (2)

• Greater Density, reduced permeability? Brucite
  fills pore spaces taking up mix and bleed water
  as it hydrates reducing voids and shrinkage.
  (brucite is 58.3 mass water!)
• Greater Strength? Less shrinkage? A lower water
  cement ratio could mean greater strength and in
  the right propotion, no shrinkage.
• More Sustainable TecEco cements and eco-cements
  use a high proportion of recycled materials,
  immobilise toxic and hazardous wastes, can use a
  wider range of aggregates reducing transport
  emissions and have superior durability.
  Eco-cements reabsorb chemically released CO2.

13
Ramifications of Adding Reactive Magnesia (3)

• Insulating Properties / High Thermal Mass / Low
  Embodied Energy Eco-cement products will be
  favoured for energy conserving buildings.
• Recyclable Eco-cement products can be
  reprocessed and reused, making them more
  attractive to many users.
• A Fire Retardant Brucite and magnesite are both
  fire retardants. TecEco cement products put fires
  out by releasing CO2 at relatively low
  temperatures
• Low Capital Cost No new plant and equipment is
  required.
• Lower Materials Cost With economies of scale
  TecEco cements should be cheaper.

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Durability - A Lower More Stable Long Term pH
Long term pH is governed by the solubility of
brucite and is much lower at around 10.5 -11,
allowing a wider range of aggregates to be used,
reducing problems such as AAR and etching, but
still high enough to keep Fe and Fe3O4 stable. As
the hydroxides of most heavy metals are also
least soluble at around pH 10.5 11, TecEco
cements are suitable for toxic and hazardous
waste immobilisation.
Eh-pH or Pourbaix Diagram The stability fields
of iron in the presence of oxygen and carbon
dioxide. Source Krauskopf K. B., Introduction to
Geochemistry, McGraw Hill Book Company, 1967,
page 168, after Garrels Christ (1965), page 224.
TecEco Cement zone.
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Durability Reduced Delayed Reactions

• A wide range of delayed reactions can occur in
  Portland cement based concretes such as delayed
  alkali silica and alkali carbonate reactions, the
  delayed formation of ettringite and thaumasite,
  delayed hydration of minerals such as dead burned
  lime and magnesia.
• Delayed reactions are reduced in TecEco modified
  Portland cement concretes because
• The hydration of magnesia consumes water drying
  concrete from the inside out. Reactions occur
  very slowly by diffusion.
• A lower long term pH results in reduced
  reactivity.
• Potentially reactive ions are trapped in the
  structure of brucite.

16
Durability Rapidly Reduced Pore Water

• Ordinary Portland cement concretes can take years
  to dry out.
• The presence of water allows reactions to occur
  much more rapidly than by diffusion.
• Reactive magnesia consumes water on hydration
  resulting in more rapid onset of a water deficit.
• Delayed reactions such as
• Hydration of dead or hard burned magnesia.
• The formation of alkali aggregate reaction
  products.
• Chlorides, sulphates and carbonates
• Ettringite and thaumasite.
• Are therefore likely to be minimised.

17
Durability Increased Acid Resistance

• Carbonates are stable phases of both calcium and
  magnesium.
• The Portlandite in Portland cement concretes
  carbonates at the surface resulting in a lower
  pH.
• The addition of reactive magnesia in a TecEco
  modified Portland cement concrete results in
  reduced carbonation due to a lower carbonation
  rate and surface tightening due to expansion.
• Magnesium carbonates that form at the surface of
  TecEco modified Portland cement concretes are
  more acid resistant.
• Eco-cements are also more acid resistant as the
  main magnesium phase is magnesium carbonate.

18
Durabiliy - Reduced Steel Corrosion

• A pH of over 8.9 is maintained for much longer
  and steel remains passive.
• Brucite does not react readily resulting in
  reduced carbonation rates and reactions with
  salts.
• Concrete with brucite is denser and carbonation
  is expansive, sealing the surface preventing
  further access by moisture, CO2 and salts.
• Brucite is less soluble and traps salts as it
  forms resulting in less ionic transport to
  complete a circuit for electrolysis and less
  corrosion.

Anode
Ionic transport
Cathode
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Durability - Reduced Salt Attack and Carbonation

• Brucite has always played a protective role
  during salt attack. Putting it in the matrix of
  concretes in the first place makes sense.
• Brucite does not react with salts because of its
  low solubility (reactivity, mobility) and lower
  pH (reactivity)
• Ksp brucite 1.8 X 10-11
• Ksp Portlandite 5.5 X 10-6
• Carbonation of brucite is slow
• ?Gor Brucite -19.55
• ?Gor Portlandite -64.62

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Durability - Increased Density

• On hydration magnesia expands 116.9 filling
  voids and surrounding hydrating cement grains.
• Brucite is 58.3 water.
• Lower water cement ratios result in greater
  density.
• Greater density results in greater strength, more
  durable concrete with a higher salt resistance
  and less corrosion of steel etc.

Picture Courtesy Applied Petrographic Services
NSW Aust.
21
Durability Reduced Permeability

• As bleed water exits ordinary Portland cement
  concretes it creates an interconnected pore
  stucture that remains in concrete allowing the
  entry of aggressive agents such as SO4--, Cl- and
  CO2
• TecEco modified Portland cement concretes do not
  bleed they tend to dry from within.
• In TecEco modified Portland cement concretes mix
  water is used up in the hydration of reactive
  magnesia forming brucite
• TecEco modified Portland cement concretes are
  denser and less permeable even to vapours

22
Strength - Enhanced Pozzolanic Reactions?

• With small substitutions by reactive magnesia for
  OPC it is likely that the early stage pH during
  the plastic stage of concrete setting is actually
  higher due to supersaturation cause by the
  additional removal of water by magnesia as it
  hydrates.
• If there is an early high pH then the pozzolanic
  and other silicification reactions should ensue
  more readily.

23
Strength A lower Water Cement Ratio?

• TecEco modified Portland cement concretes have
  excellent rheology resulting in a lower water
  cement ratio.
• There is a linear correlation between the water
  cement ratio and strength.
• Lower water cement ratios result in greater
  strength.
• Water is also removed by brucite as it hydrates
  increasing the density.

24
Safety Reduced Fire Damage

• The main phase in TecEco modified ordinary
  Portland cement concretes is brucite.
• The main phases in TecEco eco-cements are
  magnesite and hydromagnesite.
• Brucite, magnesite and hydromagnesite are
  excellent fire retardants and extinquishers.
• At relatively low temperatures
• Brucite releases water and reverts to magnesium
  oxide.
• Magnesite releases CO2 and converts to magnesium
  oxide.
• Hydromagnesite releases CO2 and water and
  converts to magnesium oxide.
• Fires are therefore not nearly as aggressive
  resulting in less damage to structures.

25
Improved Rheology

• Suitable reactive magnesia is much finer than
  most other cements such as Portland cement and
  carries what we suspect is a high positive
  surface charge.
• Finely ground reactive magnesia therefore acts as
  a plasticiser.
• Improving rheology
• Lower water cement ratio results in greater
  strength and reduced porosity.
• The proportion and cost of binders and
  plasticisers can be reduced.

26
Reasons for Improved Rheology
There are also surface charge affects and water
reducing agents are not required. Reactive
Magnesia is a plasticiser as well.
27
Dimensionally Neutral TecEco Modified Portland
Cement Concretes on Hydration?

• Portland cement shrinks around .05. Over the
  long term much more (gt.1).
• When magnesia hydrates it expands
• MgO (s) H2O (l) ? Mg(OH)2 (s)
• 40.31 18.0 ? 58.3 molar
  mass
• 11.2 liquid ? 24.3
  molar volumes1
• lt116.96 expansion depending on whether the
  water is coming from mix water or bleed water
  from OPC.
• So far we have not observed shrinkage in TecEco
  modified Portland cement concretes (10 subst,
  OPC) also containing flyash.
• Could it be that the water lost by Portland
  cement as it shrinks is used by the reactive
  magnesia as it hydrates?
• At some ratio, thought to be around 10 reactive
  magnesia and 90 OPC volume changes cancel each
  other out and setting and curing are close to
  neutral.
• More research is required for both modified
  Portland cements and eco-cements.
• 1 The molar volume (L.mol-1)is equal to the
  molar mass (g.mol-1) divided by the density
  (g.L-1).

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Potential for Neutral Cure Modified Portland
Cement Concretes
29
Volume Changes with TecEco Modified Portland
Cements on Carbonation

• Consider what happens when Portlandite
  carbonates
• Ca(OH)2 CO2 ? CaCO3
• 74.08 44.01 ? 100 molar mass
• 33.22 gas ? 28.10 molar volumes
• 18.22 shrinkage
• Surface shrinkage causing cracks to appear.
• Compared to brucite forming magnesite as it
  carbonates
• Mg(OH)2 CO2 ? MgCO3
• 58.31 44.01 ? 84.32 molar mass
• 24.29 gas ? 28.10 molar volumes
• 15.68 expansion
• Slight expansion and densification of the surface
  preventing further ingress of CO2 and carbonation.

30
TecEco Eco-Cements - Solving Waste Problems

• The best thing to do with wastes is if at all
  possibleto use them. If they cannot directly be
  usedthen they have to be immobilised.
• TecEco cements are ideal for immobilising
  /utilising toxic and hazardous wastes such as
  flyand bottom ash, iron slags, red mud etc.
• They are more durable.
• Brucite results in an ideal long term equilibrium
  pH of 10.5 11 at which most heavy metal
  hydroxides are relatively insoluble.
• The OPC in TecEco cements takes up lead.
• Homogenous and do not bleed water
• Not attacked by salts in ground or sea water.
• Dimensionally more stable with less cracking.

31
Toxic and Hazardous Waste Immobilisation
The brucite in TecEco cements has a structure
comprising electronically neutral layers and is
able to accommodate a wide variety of extraneous
substances between the layers and cations of
similar size substituting for magnesium within
the layers and is known to be very suitable for
toxic and hazardous waste immobilisation.
32
SustainabilityAbatementLower Cost

• TecEco cements generally
• A high proportion of brucite compared to
  Portlandite is water and of magnesite compared to
  calcite is CO2.
• Every mass unit of TecEco cements therefore
  produces a greater volume of built environment
  than Portland and other calcium based cements.
  Less need therefore be used reducing
  costs/energy/emissions.
• Improved durability and other properties results
  in lower long run costs/energies/emissions due to
  less frequent replacement.
• Brucite is less soluble, mobile or reactive than
  Portlandite and not attacked by salts.
• The pH is lower but more stable resulting in less
  AAR, etching and other problems but still high
  enough for longer, maintaining the passivity of
  steel for longer.
• TecEco eco-cements
• Carbon dioxide is also reabsorbed by brucite from
  the atmosphere. A free resource resulting in
  carbon sequestration and carbon credits.

33
SustainabilityAbatementLower Cost (2)

• Energy costs money and results in emissions and
  is the largest cost factor in the production of
  mineral binders.
• Whether more or less energy is required for the
  manufacture of reactive magnesia compared to
  Portland cement or lime depends on the stage in
  the utility adding process.
• Volume of built material has greater utility and
  is more validly compared.
• The new TecEco kiln technology will result in
  around 25 less energy being required and the
  capture of CO2 during production resulting in
  lower costs and carbon credits.
• A wider range of aggregates can be utilised
  without problems reducing transport and other
  costs/energies/emissions.
• The manufacture of reactive magnesia is a benign
  process that can be achieved with waste or
  intermittently available energy.
• Because reactive magnesia is also an excellent
  plasticiser, other costly additives are not
  required for this purpose.
• Eco-cement products absorb CO2, utilise wastes
  and can to a certain extent be recycled.

34
Basic Chemical Reactions
Notice the low solubility of brucite compared to
Portlandite and that magnesite is stronger and
adopts a more ideal habit than calcite aragonite
35
The Magnesium Thermodynamic Cycle
36
Manufacture of Portland Cement
37
Specific Comments Regarding Problems in India

• The lower long term pH of TecEco cements means
  that a wider range of aggregates can be tolerated
  without problems.
• Many problems appear to be due to the failure of
  contractors to adhere to reasonable standards,
  compromising particularly with aggregates.
• TecEco cements result in better renders, gunnites
  and other mortars.
• Good rheology, white colour, less efflorescence
  and a better bond to concrete and tiles (Tile
  de-bonding appears common)
• Greater durability
• A lower pore water ionic concentration should
  result in less corrosion of steel reinforcement
  and pipes.
• Lower pollution, greater sustainability
• Replacement of topsoil clay bricks etc. with less
  polluting, excellent quality bricks, blocks and
  pavers made substantially with wastes.

38
The TecEco Challenge

• Although the technology is new and not yet fully
  characterised, TecEco challenge universities and
  construction authorities to come to grips with
  the new cement technology and quantify
  performance in comparison to ordinary Portland
  cement and other competing materials.
• TecEco will do its best to assist.
• Negotiations are underway in many countries to
  organise supplies to allow such scientific
  endeavour to proceed.
• TecEco technologies are an opportunity not a
  threat.

39
TecEco Technology Summary

• Simple, smart and sustainable?
• TecEco cement technology has resulted in
  potential solutions to a number of problems with
  Portland and other cements including durability
  and corrosion, the alkali aggregate reaction
  problem and the immobilisation of many problem
  wastes and will provides a range of more
  sustainable building materials.
• The right technology at the right time?
• TecEco cement technology addresses important
  triple bottom line issues solving major global
  problems with positive economic and social
  outcomes.

Climate Change Pollution
Durability Corrosion
ASR Rheology
Shrinkage Placement , Finishing
40
Addressing Issues in Concrete Science

• Addressing the research objectives of concrete
  science.
• Durability salt resistance and steel corrosion
  may become problemsof the past.
• Lower use of materials and energyover time
  saving money and the environment.
• Lower more stable long term alkalinity.
• Reduced AAR and steel corrosion etc.
• Better rheology.
• Lower water cement ratio, less shrinkage, and
  easier placement.
• Other improved properties
• Greater density, adjustable placing and finishing
  times. Fire retarding properties
• Lower Costs
• Making reactive magnesia is a benign process with
  potential for using waste energy and capture of
  CO2.
• A wider range of aggregates including wastes will
  be availablereducing cartage costs and
  emissions.
• Water or CO2 from the air comprise a high mass
  and volume of the magnesium minerals in TecEco
  cements. Water and CO2 are free or attract carbon
  credits
• Expensive plasticisers are not required

41
TecEcos Immediate Focus

• Form strategic alliances with major companies.
• Raise money for Research Around 1 millions
  dollars worth in the pipeline.
• Concentrate on defined markets for low technical
  risk products that require minimal research and
  development and for which performance based
  standards apply.
• Carbonated products such as bricks, blocks,
  stabilised earth blocks, pavers, roof tiles
  pavement and mortars that utilise large
  quantities of waste and products where
  sustainability, rheology or fire retardation are
  an issue. (Mainly eco-cement technology using fly
  ash).
• The immobilisation of wastes including toxic
  hazardous and other wastes because of the
  superior performance of the technology and the
  rapid growth of markets. (Eco-cements and
  modified Portland cements).
• Products such as renders and mortars where
  excellent rheology and bond strength are
  required.
• Products where extreme durability is required.
• Products for which weight is an issue.
• Continue our awareness campaign regarding TecEco
  cements, the new TecEco kiln design and the Tech
  Tendon method of prestressing, partial
  prestressing and reinforcing.

42
TecEco Minding the Future

• TecEco are aware of the enormous weight
  ofopinion necessary before standards can
  bechanged globally for TecEco modified
  cementconcretes for general use.
• TecEco already have a number of institutions and
  universities around the world doing research.
• TecEco have received huge global publicity not
  all of which is correct and have therefore
  publicly released the technology.
• TecEco research documents are available from
  TecEco by request. Soon they will be able to be
  purchased from the web site.
• Other documents by other researchers will be made
  available in a similar manner as they become
  available.

Technology standing on its own is not inherently
good. It still matters whether it is operating
from the right value system and whether it is
properly available to all people. -- William
Jefferson Clinton
43
TecEco Eco - Cements for Sustainable Cities
44
Manufacture of Eco-Cement Products
45
TecEco Kiln Technology

• Remember
• The reactivity of most calcined materials
  including magnesia is a function of the state of
  disorder, specific surface area and glass forming
  impurities.
• What if calcining and grinding occurred at the
  same time?
• Heat would literally be squashed into the
  material to be calcined, reducing the risk of
  overburning.
• The clastic conditions should increase the state
  of disorder and reduce the formation of glasses
  resulting in greater reactivity.
• CO2 could be captured at source.
• The heat lost through grinding could be used for
  calcining resulting in around 25 greater
  efficiency.

46
Energy On a Mass Basis
Relative to Raw Material Used to make Cement From Manufacturing Process Energy Release 100 Efficient (Mj.tonne-1) From Manufacturing Process Energy Release with Inefficiencies (Mj.tonne-1) Relative Product Used in Cement From Manufacturing Process Energy Release 100 Efficient (Mj.tonne-1) From Manufacturing Process Energy Release with Inefficiencies (Mj.tonne-1) Relative to Mineral Resulting in Cement From Manufacturing Process Energy Release 100 Efficient (Mj.tonne-1) From Manufacturing Process Energy Release with Inefficiencies (Mj.tonne-1)
CaCO3 Clay 1545.73 2828.69 Portland Cement 1807 3306.81 Hydrated OPC 1264.90 2314.77
CaCO3 1786.09 2679.14 Ca(OH)2 2413.20 3619.80
MgCO3 1402.75 1753.44 MgO 2934.26 3667.82 Mg(OH)2 2028.47 2535.59
47
Energy On a Volume Basis
Relative to Raw Material Used to make Cement From Manufacturing Process Energy Release 100 Efficient (Mj.metre-3) From Manufacturing Process Energy Release with Inefficiencies (Mj.metre-3) Relative Product Used in Cement From Manufacturing Process Energy Release 100 Efficient (Mj.metre-3) From Manufacturing Process Energy Release with Inefficiencies (Mj.metre-3) Relative to Mineral Resulting in Cement From Manufacturing Process Energy Release 100 Efficient (Mj.metre-3) From Manufacturing Process Energy Release with Inefficiencies (Mj.metre-3)
CaCO3 Clay 4188.93 7665.75 Portland Cement 5692.05 10416.45 Hydrated OPC 3389.93 6203.58
CaCO3 6286.62 8429.93 Ca(OH)2 5381.44 8072.16
MgCO3 4278.39 5347.99 MgO 9389.63 11734.04 Mg(OH)2 4838.32 6085.41
48
Abatement TecEco Eco-Cements
49
Global Abatement
Without CO2 Capture during manufacture (billion tonnes) With CO2 Capture during manufacture (billion tonnes)
Total Portland Cement Produced Globally 1.80 1.80
Global mass of Concrete (assuming a proportion of 15 mass cement) 12.00 12.00
Global CO2 Emissions from Portland Cement 3.60 3.60
Mass of Eco-Cement assuming an 80 Substitution in global concrete use 9.60 9.60
Resulting Abatement of Portland Cement CO2 Emissions 2.88 2.88
CO2 Emissions released by Eco-Cement 2.59 1.34
Resulting Abatement of CO2 emissions by Substituting Eco-Cement 0.29 1.53
50
Abatement from Substitution
Building Material to be substituted Realistic Subst-itution by TecEco technology Size of World Market (million tonnes Substituted Mass (million tonnes) CO2 Factors (1) Emission From Material Before Substitution Emission/Sequestration from Substituted Eco-Cement (Tonne for Tonne Substitution Assumed) Emission/Sequestration from Substituted Eco-Cement (Tonne for Tonne Substitution Assumed) Net Abatement Net Abatement
            Emissions - No Capture Emissions - CO2 Capture Abatement - No Capture Abatement CO2 Capture
Bricks 85 250 212.5 0.28 59.5 57.2 29.7 2.3 29.8
Steel 25 840 210 2.38 499.8 56.6 29.4 443.2 470.4
Aluminium 20 20.5 4.1 18.0 73.8 1.1 0.6 72.7 73.2
TOTAL 426.6 20.7 633.1 114.9 59.7 518.2 573.4
Concretes already have low lifetime energies. If
embodied energies are improved could
substitution mean greater market share?
Figures are in millions of Tonnes
51
TecEco Movie Theatre
Discovery Channel Movie on Eco-Cements
Shown courtesy Discovery Channel Canada
52
???

• Autogenous healing
• Coatings a good or a bad thing?