Original 13 Colonies

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Original 13 Colonies

• Unit One Colonial Era

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English Colonies

• England developed three types of colonies in
  North America
• Royal colony a colony controlled by king or
  queen.
• Proprietary colony a colony owned by a person
  or family.
• Corporate colony a colony controlled by a
  joint stock company.

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GPS

• SSUSH1 The student will describe European
  settlement in North America during the 17th
  century.
• a. Explain Virginias development include the
  Virginia Company, tobacco cultivation, and
  relationships with Native Americans such as
  Powhatan, development of the House of Burgesses,
  Bacons Rebellion, and the development of
  slavery.

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Virginias Development

• Jamestown (1607)
• King James I granted the Virginia company (also
  known as the London Company) a charter.
• Joint stock companies were the forerunners of
  corporations.
• They established Jamestown, the first permanent
  English colony in North America.

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• The colony faced severe hardships
• Location- was swampy along the James River.
• They faced Indian attacks, famine, and disease.
• Many were gentlemen from England with no skills
• Law of Primogeniture only the first son could
  inherit their fathers wealth.
• Small food supplies causing colonists to nearly
  starve.

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John Smith

• Under the leadership of John Smith, the colony
  started to survive but John Smith left the colony
  because of battle injuries in 1609.
• Starving time
• In the winter of 1609-10, Jamestown settlers
  faced a harsh winter. They eat dogs, cats, and
  sometimes each other in order to survive. By
  spring, the settlers were preparing to abandon
  the colony when supplies and more settlers
  arrived. Only 63 of the original settlers
  survived the starving time.

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Tobacco Cultivation

• Tobacco Cash crop
• For two year, the colony barely survived until
  John Rolfe discovered a way to cure tobacco to
  make it profitable for the Virginia company.
• Parliament and the Commonwealth forbade the
  colonist for selling their tobacco to anyone but
  England.

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Problems with Tobacco Cultivation

• Problems
• Tobacco is labor intensive and there were labor
  shortages
• Solutions
• Indentured servitude
• Head right system
• Slavery

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Development of slavery

• Tobacco required a lot of labor/Problem there was
  a labor shortage.

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Development of Slavery in Jamestown

• In 1619, a Dutch ship presented 20 African
  Americans to Jamestown selling them as indentured
  servants people who work for 7 to 10 years in
  the hopes of receiving a new start or land at the
  end of the contract.

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• However, African were slowly placed into slavery.
• In 1630 some Africans were enslaved while
  others were indentured.
• By 1640 African-Americans were not allowed to
  carry guns.
• By 1692 blacks no longer could own horses or
  cattle.
• By the 1700s ½ the labor force in Jamestown was
  either indentured servants or slaves.

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1619 House of Burgesses

• Also, the House of Burgesses was formed in
  Virginia in 1619. It was the first
  representative assembly in America.

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Bacons Rebellion, 1676

• The first stirring of revolutionary feeling in
  the New World.

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William Berkeley

• Settlers of the western frontier faced attack
  from Native Americans and complained to the
  Governor William Berkeley. Berkeley ordered an
  investigation, but little was done.

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Picture of Nathaniel Bacon

• Nathaniel Bacon a farmer and landowner was
  angry with his poor efforts and raised a loose
  army to attack largely peaceful Native American
  settlements.

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Results of Bacons Rebellion

• The rebellion ended when Bacon died of fever.
• This showed the divisions between the poor and
  the rich in the colony.
• Sharp class differences were exposed between
  wealthy planters and poor frontiers men or the
  landless.
• Colonial resistance to royal control.

Versus
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Native Americans and Jamestown

• Englands pattern of conquest with the Native
  Americans involved their relationship with
  Ireland. Therefore, they developed a harsh
  attitude towards the Native Americans.

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Relationship with the Native Americans
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Jamestown lost its charter

• In 1624, the bankrupt Virginia Company lost its
  charter and Jamestown became a royal colony.

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GPS

• SSUSH1b
• Describe the settlement of New England including
  religious reasons, relations with Native
  Americans including King Philips War, the
  establishment of town meetings and development of
  a legislature, religious tensions that led to
  colonies such as Rhode Island, the half-way
  covenant, Salem Witch Trials, and the loss of
  Massachusetts charter.

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Describe the settlement of New England including
religious reasons

• Puritans
• Puritans believed they had to purify the Anglican
  Church (Church of England) of Catholic practices
• Their original colonies were Plymouth and the
  second was Massachusetts Bay colony.
• Puritan were viewed by King James I of England as
  a threat to his religious and political
  authority. He ordered many of them jailed.

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Plymouth Colony, 1620

• Those who settled the Plymouth Colony wanted to
  do more than purify the Anglican church from
  within they formed a completely separate church.

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Separatists

• They were also called Separatists because they
  separated from the Anglican Church and moved to
  the Netherlands before establishing Plymouth
  Colony in what is now Massachusetts.

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Voyage of the Mayflower

• Worried that their children were becoming
  Dutchified They received permission from the
  Virginia Company to establish a colony in
  America.
• In 1620, a small group set sail on the Mayflower.
• The ship was blown off course and landed not in
  Virginia but off the Massachusetts coast.

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Plymouth Colony, 1621
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Mayflower Compact

• Mayflower Compact was written when the Pilgrim
  created and signed a document pledging they would
  make a decision to follow majority rule.

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• Separatists AKA Pilgrims.
• Their first winter was difficult. Native
  Americans help them settle at Plymouth.
• Under the leadership of Miles Standish and
  Governor William Bradford, the colony grew slowly.

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Plymouth colony

• Fish, furs, and lumber became the important parts
  of its economy.
• The colony would eventually be overtaken by
  Massachusetts Bay colony.

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Massachusetts Bay Colony, 1630

• In 1629, a group of English Puritan (not
  Separatists) gained a royal charter to establish
  a colony.
• In 1630, they established the Massachusetts Bay
  Colony and founded Boston and several other towns.

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• John Winthrop was their leader
• Unlike the other colonies, their charter stated
  that their government would be in colonies.
• A Great Migration occurred when the English Civil
  War (1642-1649) drove people to Massachusetts Bay
  Colony

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England allowed its American colonies a certain
degree of self-ruleMajority rule in Plymouth

• Mayflower Compact
• Town meeting were encouraged where all white
  landowning and Protestant males had a voice in
  politics.
• Representative Governments in Massachusetts

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Massachusetts Bay Colony and Plymouth Colony
merged
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Limitations to democracy

• Only (white) male property owners could vote.
• Religious restrictions were in place in many
  places.
• Females and those that were landless had
  practically no rights.
• Slaves and Indentured servants had no rights.
• Governors often ruled with absolute power
  answering only to the monarch or those who paid
  their salary.
• There was wide spread misuse of Native Americans.

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Salem Witch Trials

• In 1692, several young women claimed that the
  devil had possessed them and blamed several
  elderly women in the community. The trials
  called the Salem Witch Trials occurred to
  determine the womens guilt.

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Salem Witch Trials (cont.)

• Twenty men and women were executed. After a few
  months, the people lost their excitement over the
  trials. However, the damage was done.
• The Puritan church would suffer because of the
  trials.

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Half-Way Covenant

• To be member of the Puritan church, a person had
  to give a verbal testimony to an experience of
  grace. Even if you were baptized, a person had
  to have an experience of faith.

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• Those who were not members of the church, could
  not vote or baptize their children. Therefore
  the size of the church remained small. The
  Half-Way Covenant was offered by some preachers
  (clergy) to those who professed limited religious
  commitment.

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• In other words, people could take part in the
  church service without formally declaring their
  total belief in God.
• Many hated this practice, but as time passed the
  strict Puritan ways began to weaken. Also,
  church size increased.

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King Philips War

• In (1675-1676), Metacom (aka King Philip) united
  a group of Native Americans to fight the New
  England settlers whose increasing population had
  been slowly taking their lands.
• Thousands on both sides were killed.
• The New Englanders won, killed King Philip, and
  basically ended Native American resistance in New
  England.

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Rhode Island

• Roger Williams
• Believed one should not be punished for
  worshipping or not worshiping.
• Help to found Providence, RI

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New England Led to colonies such as Rhode Island

• Anne Hutchinson
• One does not need a minister or church to talk to
  God.
• Help to found Rhode Island.

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New England ColoniesThe loss of the
Massachusetts charter.

• Charter-document granting an area/group specific
  rights laws

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Loss of Charter Cont.

• The British King took the charter away
• Massachusetts losses its independent colony.
• Reason to gain more control over trade.
• Combined all of New England colonies into one
  territory.
• Colonist did not like the loss of their charter.

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• c. Explain the development of the mid-Atlantic
  colonies include the Dutch settlement of New
  Amsterdam and subsequent English takeover, and
  the settlement of Pennsylvania.

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Explain the development of the mid-Atlantic
colonies

• The Dutch settlement of New Amsterdam and
  subsequent English takeover
• The Dutch controlled New Netherlands (today New
  York)
• New York City was called New Amsterdam (Amsterdam
  is the capital of the Netherlands.)
• Owners Dutch, then French, then English aka
  British.
• The Dutch accepted diversity (other religions)

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Mid-Atlantic Colonies Pennsylvania

• Pennsylvania

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• Founded by William Penn, a wealthy Quaker
• A Quaker AKA Society of Friends
• They were Protestants who believed that men and
  women were equal in Gods eyes
• Later, many will become abolitionists.

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Analyze the impact of location and place for the
southern, middle, and New England colonies
regarding their colonies settlement,
transportation, economic development

• Southern colonies

• Geography
• Long growing seasons
• Good harbors
• Accessible rivers
• Economy
• Depended on cash crop/stable crop

• Virginia, 1607
• Maryland, 1636
• North Carolina,
• South Carolina,
• Georgia, 1733

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Southern colonies Virginia

• Virginia, 1607
• 1st permanent English colony in North American
• Business venture by Virginia Company
• Poor relations with Native Americans/Powhatan
• Economic
• Tobacco

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Maryland, 1636

• Founded by the two Lord Baltimores
• Cecilius and George Baltimore
• Created as a haven for Catholics
• Eventually, Act of Toleration was created to
  ensure the rights of Catholics because more
  protestant lived in Maryland than Catholics.

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The Act of Toleration (Cont.)

• The Act of Toleration is a part of the
  foundation for religious freedom in the
  Constitution.

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Georgia, 1733

• Last of the 13 colonies
• Trusteeship
• James Oglethorpe settled Savannah, GA
• Created as a buffer colony betw. Spanish Florida
  and South Carolina
• At 1st did not allow slavery
• Also used as a debtors haven (safe place
• Grew slowly

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Middle Colonies/Mid-Atlantic Colonies(Bread
Basket Colonies)

• New York
• New Jersey
• Pennsylvania
• Delaware

• Geography
• Good harbors
• Decent growing seasons
• Economy
• Diverse agriculture
• Diverse economy/business

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New England Colonies

• New England Colonies

• Geography
• Water ways
• Mainly rivers, harbors, bays, and ocean.
• Subsequent farming
• Economics
• Fur trade
• Shipping/trade
• Poor farming land

• Massachusetts
• Connecticut
• New Hampshire
• Rhode Island

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Life in the American Colonies

• PART TWO

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Events that effected the colonies between
1642-1688

• English Civil War, (1642-1649)
• King Charles I was beheaded by Parliament
• Oliver Cromwell established a Commonwealth
• Restoration Period (1660-1680)
• King Charles II restored to the throne.
• Glorious Revolution, (1688)
• King James II peacefully removed from power and
  replaced by William and Mary, his Protestant
  son-in-law and daughter.

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GPS SSUSH2

• TSWBA Trace the ways that economy and society
  of British North America developed.
• a. Explain the development of Mercantilism and
  the Trans-Atlantic trade.

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Mercantilism

• Theory of Mercantilism
• A country should try to get and keep as much
  bullion, or gold and silver, as possible.
• To achieve this, a countrys balance of trade, or
  the difference between imports and exports,
  should show more exports than imports.

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• Effects on War and Politics
• The Navigation Act tightened English control over
  colonial trade by requiring the colonies to sell
  certain goods only to England.
• If colonists wanted to sell goods to other parts
  of the world, they had to pay a duty, or tax, on
  it.

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• Effects on Trade Laws
• European countries fought over territory and
  trade routes.
• British rulers tightened controls over the
  American colonies. King James II tried to take
  direct control over New York and New England by
  creating the Dominion of New England.

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• Anger in the Colonies
• Colonists resented Jamess grab for power and
  hated the governor appoint by James II.
• King James lost in throne in the Glorious
  Revolution.

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Tradition of Self Government

• Magna Carta, 1215
• English Bill of Rights, 1689
• House of Burgesses, (1619)
• Town meeting (New England colonies)
• Colonial assemblies had a lot of power
• Often paid governors salaries
• Created local laws concerning defense and
  taxation.

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• Salutary Neglect
• Britain allowed its colonies more freedom to
  govern themselves than other European nations
  did. This British policy, known as salutary
  neglect, had three causes
• England had a long tradition of strong local
  government and weak central power.
• British government lacked the resources to
  enforce its wishes.
• Britain gave the colonies freedom because the
  existing economy and politics served the British
  interests.

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The trans-Atlantic Trade

• Triangular Trade

• Explanation

• Triangular trade involved several routes
  including the continents of Africa (slaves),
  Europe (manufactured goods), and the Americas
  (raw materials rum, naval stores, tobacco, etc.
  )
• The routes were varied but essential to the
  survival of the colonies and mercantilism.

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Middle Passage

• The Middle Passage was one route of the
  triangular trade that occurred between the
  Americas, Europe, and Africa.
• It also refers to the forced transportation of
  slaves.
• It is believed that between 10 to 40 percent of
  the Africans on slave ship typically died in the
  crossing.

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Describe the Middle Passage

• Middle Passage

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Growth of African Population

• Slavery
• Experience of slaves varied greatly in colonial
  times
• It was legal everywhere.
• In the Northeast the population of slaves was
  small/In the South it was high.
• In South Carolina, slaves made up a majority of
  the slaves.
• In South Carolina and Georgia, slaves had a
  difficult life because they lived along the
  coastal areas growing the labor intensive crops
  of indigo and rice.

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SSUSH2c

• TSWBA Identify Benjamin Franklin as a symbol of
  social mobility and individualism.

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Benjamin Franklin

• Benjamin Franklin was a famous printer in
  Pennsylvania.
• He was a famous printer who was known for Poor
  Richards Almanac an almanac is a book
  containing information such as colanders, weather
  predictions, wise sayings, and advice.
• He retired from his career by his early 40s. He
  then worked in politics, science, and would later
  work in the cause of the American Revolution.

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Benjamin Franklin

• He invented
• Bifocals
• Lightening rod
• The Franklin stove

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Social Mobility and Individualism

• In the colonies wealth meant land.
• Most land owners were white males.
• A small group of elite, landowning men dominated
  politics.
• However, there were more social mobility
  (movement from one social class to another) in
  the colonies than in Europe.

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Individualism

• Most colonial households worked to be
  self-sufficient able to make everything they
  needed.
• Yankee ingenuity was important!

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SSUSH2d

• TSWBA Explain the significance of the Great
  Awakening.

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Great Awakening

• In the early 1700s, many ministers, mostly
  Congregationalists, believed that the Puritans
  had become unfaithful to their original beliefs.
• Between 1730s to 1740s, there was a series
  religious rival to renew enthusiasm and
  commitment.
• The movement sought to remind people of the power
  of God.

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Great Awakening (cont.)

• Important people Jonathan Edwards and George
  Whitefield.
• Result
• Spread democratic ideals because the new
  ministers focused on faith and sincerity as
  oppose to education.

Sinners in the hands of an angry God
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• New churches grew out of these ministers efforts
  Baptists and the Methodists.
• Baptists and Methodists claimed that individuals
  could act on their own faith, w/o relying on
  preachers (clergy) or other authority, they were
  indirectly attacking the ideal some people were
  better than others.
• Other denominations split

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By the mid 1700s

• The colonies population was growing and pushing
  westward. The problem was the French and Native
  Americans lived in the area west of the
  Appalachian Mountains called the Ohio River
  Valley.