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Title: Press the F5 button on your keyboard to begin this tutorial.


1
Press the F5 button on your keyboard to begin
this tutorial.
2
The Scientific Method Tutorial
Start from beginning
Designing the experiment
Variable practice
Graphing the data
Conclusion
  • Place your keyboard aside.
  • Only use your mouse or mouse pad (laptops).

3
Introduction The Scientific Method
  • The scientific method is a series of steps used
    by scientists to help them solve problems. In
    principal, the scientific method is fairly
    straight forward so long as you can remember a
    few basic concepts. A valid experiment will
    identify a problem, research the problem to see
    if others have collected data for similar
    problems, create a hypothesis (temporary solution
    to the problem), collect data by performing an
    experiment, analyze the data collected, and
    report your findings.
  • Setting up the experiment can be the toughest
    part of the scientific method for young
    scientists. A poorly designed experiment can make
    your data hard to understand and even
    meaningless. Therefore, the purpose of this
    tutorial is to help you learn basic fundamentals
    to help you design an experiment and interpret
    the data collected.

4
Identifying a Problem
back
  • Kobe-cyol (fictional) is a prescription
    medication designed to relieve arthritis pain.
  • Jane and Jerry are both young doctors who have
    heard rumors that Kobe-cyol can raise the blood
    pressure of patients who use the drug. This can
    be a serious medical concern because if the
    patients blood pressure is too high, they can
    suffer a heart attack and possibly die. This is
    the first stage of the scientific method,
    identify a problem.
  • What is the problem that Jane and Jerry have
    identified?

But what is the connection?
But what is the connection?
Some patients take Kobe-cyol.
Some patients are at risk of heart attack.
This information is not given in the story.
Correct.
Some patients have high blood pressure.
Some patients who take Kobe-cyol may have higher
blood pressures.
5
Researching the Problem
back
  • Jane and Jerry have agreed to meet at the UCLA
    medical library to research their problem. They
    searched countless journals to see if other
    doctors have performed work on the effects of
    Kobe-cyol, but they did not find the answer to
    their problem question. They will need to perform
    their own experiment.
  • Even though Jane and Jerry have discussed the
    risks with their patients about the use of
    Kobe-cyol, they have found volunteers to test the
    medication. Together, Jane and Jerry come up with
    a plan to test Kobe-cyol and the possible blood
    pressure risk. More will be discussed on their
    plan shortly.
  • Now that Jane and Jerry have identified their
    problem and performed research, it is time for
    them to create a hypothesis that answers their
    problem. Remember, the problem they are trying to
    answer is
  • Does Kobe-cyol raise the blood pressure of
    their patients?

6
Creating the Hypothesis
back
  • Now that Jane and Jerry have identified their
    problem and performed research, it is time for
    them to create a hypothesis that answers their
    problem. Remember, the problem they are trying to
    answer is Does Kobe-cyol raise the blood
    pressure of patients?
  • The hypothesis is a possible solution to this
    problem and should be worded as an Ifthen
    statement. Click on the box below that would be a
    possible solution to this problem. Which will be
    our hypothesis?

If a person uses Kobe-cyol, then they may have
higher than normal blood pressure.
If a person is overweight, then they may have
higher than normal blood pressure.
If a person has high blood pressure, then
they must use Kobe-cyol.
This may be true also but Jane and Jerry are not
testing a persons weight. This could be another
experiment to perform at a later date though.
There is no reason to believe this. There are
numerous reasons why a person could have high
blood pressure.
Correct. Press the NEXT button when ready.
7
Designing the Experiment
back
  • Jane and Jerry are ready to design and perform
    their experiment to test their hypothesis. But
    how do you design an experiment in the first
    place? Keep in mind our problem question
  • Does Kobe-cyol affect a persons blood
    pressure?
  • Their experiment will need to test the blood
    pressure of volunteers. Jane and Jerry have found
    50 patients who are willing to volunteer for this
    experiment. Valid experiments usually create two
    groups of test subjects.
  • One group is called the CONTROL group.
    Participants of this group are not given the
    desired treatment (Kobe-cyol). Therefore, the
    control group is used as a comparison group.
  • The second group is called the EXPERIMENTAL
    group. Participants of this group are given the
    desired treatment (Kobe-cyol). The experimental
    subjects will be compared to the control group to
    see if the treatment worked or not.

8
Designing the Experiment
back
  • Jane and Jerry decide to separate the 50 people
    randomly into two groups of 25 patients each.

Group A To start, the 25 patients had their
blood pressures recorded. Then, the 25 patients
of this group were not given Kobe-cyol. The 25
patients were instructed to eat and exercise
according to specific instructions. After one
month, the 25 patients would return to have their
blood pressures checked again.
Group B To start, the 25 patients had their
blood pressures recorded. Then, the 25 patients
of this group were given typical doses of
Kobe-cyol. The 25 patients were instructed to eat
and exercise according to the same instructions
as group A. After one month, the 25 patients
would return to have their blood pressures
checked again.
Is Group A the control group or the experimental
group?
Control group
Experimental group
Not quite. Remember that the experimental group
is given the treatment. In this case, group A is
not given Kobe-cyol.
Correct. Because no treatment was given to Group
A, that makes them the control group.
9
Designing the Experiment
back
  • Jane and Jerry decide to separate the 50 people
    randomly into two groups of 25 patients each.

Group A To start, the 25 patients had their
blood pressures recorded. Then, the 25 patients
of this group were not given Kobe-cyol. The 25
patients were instructed to eat and exercise
according to specific instructions. After one
month, the 25 patients would return to have their
blood pressures checked again.
Group B To start, the 25 patients had their
blood pressures recorded. Then, the 25 patients
of this group were given typical doses of
Kobe-cyol. The 25 patients were instructed to eat
and exercise according to the same instructions
as group A. After one month, the 25 patients
would return to have their blood pressures
checked again.
Is group B considered the control group or the
experimental group?
Control group
Experimental group
Not quite. The control group is the one that does
not receive treatment. Group B does receive
treatment.
Correct. Since group B received the treatment
(Kobe-cyol) they are the experimental group.
10
Identifying Variables
back
Group A To start, the 25 patients had their
blood pressures recorded. Then, the 25 patients
of this group were not given Kobe-cyol. The 25
patients were instructed to eat and exercise
according to specific instructions. After one
month, the 25 patients would return to have their
blood pressures checked again.
Group B To start, the 25 patients had their
blood pressures recorded. Then, the 25 patients
of this group were given typical doses of
Kobe-cyol. The 25 patients were instructed to eat
and exercise according to the same instructions
as group A. After one month, the 25 patients
would return to have their blood pressures
checked again.
The independent variable is the factor that
differs between the control group and
experimental group. A good experiment should only
have 1 difference between the two groups. If
there were accidentally more than 1 independent
variable and the patients blood pressure changed,
we would not know which factor was responsible.
  • What is different between Group A and Group B?
  • (What is the independent variable of this
    experiment?)

Number of people
Diet habits
Medication taken
Exercise habits
No. Each group had 25 people.
No. Each group followed the same habits.
No. Each group followed the same habits.
Correct.
11
Identifying Variables
back
Group A To start, the 25 patients had their
blood pressures recorded. Then, the 25 patients
of this group were not given Kobe-cyol. The 25
patients were instructed to eat and exercise
according to specific instructions. After one
month, the 25 patients would return to have their
blood pressures checked again.
Group B To start, the 25 patients had their
blood pressures recorded. Then, the 25 patients
of this group were given typical doses of
Kobe-cyol. The 25 patients were instructed to eat
and exercise according to the same instructions
as group A. After one month, the 25 patients
would return to have their blood pressures
checked again.
The data measured will be the dependent variable.
What is the dependent variable?
No. Body weights are never mentioned or collected.
No. This is the independent variable because it
is what differs between group A and group B.
Body weight
Blood pressure
Kobe-cyol taken
Heart rates
No. Heart rates are never mentioned or collected.
Correct. It is called the dependent variable
because the patients blood pressure may depend
on the use of Kobe-cyol.
12
Variable Practice Farmer Bob
back
  • Before proceeding, lets stop for a moment and
    get some practice identifying variables and parts
    of an experiment.
  • Farmer Bob has always used Grow-Rite Fertilizer
    on his crops, but wants to try Ever-Grow
    Fertilizer. He sections off two large areas of
    his field. In section A, he waters his crops as
    usual and adds Grow-Rite. In section B, he waters
    his crops as usual but adds Ever-Grow fertilizer.
    After 1 growing season, he records the growth of
    the crops.
  • What is the independent variable of Farmer Bobs
    experiment?

Hmmm. Remember the independent variable is what
differs between the two groups. Try again.
The type of fertilizer used
Group A crops
Group B crops
The height of the crops
Correct.
Hmmm. Remember the independent variable is what
differs between the two groups. Try again.
Hmmm. Remember the independent variable is what
differs between the two groups. Try again.
13
Variable Practice Farmer Bob
back
  • Before proceeding, lets stop for a moment and
    get some practice identifying variables and parts
    of an experiment.
  • Farmer Bob has always used Grow-Rite Fertilizer
    on his crops, but wants to try Ever-Grow
    Fertilizer. He sections off two large areas of
    his field. In section A, he waters his crops as
    usual and adds Grow-Rite. In section B, he waters
    his crops as usual but adds Ever-Grow fertilizer.
    After 1 growing season, he records the growth of
    the crops.
  • What is the dependent variable of Farmer Bobs
    experiment?

Correct.
The height of the crops
The type of fertilizer used
Group A crops
Group B crops
Hmmm. Remember the dependent variable is the data
collected. Try again.
Hmmm. Remember the dependent variable is the data
collected. Try again.
Hmmm. Remember the dependent variable is the data
collected. Try again.
14
Variable Practice USA Military
back
  • The United States military wants to see if
    soldiers with only 4 hours of sleep can operate
    at the same level as those who normally get 7
    hours of sleep. One hundred soldiers are allowed
    to only sleep for 4 hours a night and another
    hundred are allowed to sleep for 7 hours a night.
    During the day, the soldiers are tested for
    marksmanship on the firing range.
  • What is the independent variable of the military
    experiment?

.
.
.
Hmmm. Remember the independent variable is what
differs between the two groups. Try again.
Correct.
The ammunition used
Amount of sleep given
Score on the firing range
The number of soldiers
Hmmm. Remember the independent variable is what
differs between the two groups. Try again.
Hmmm. Remember the independent variable is what
differs between the two groups. Try again.
15
Variable Practice USA Military
back
  • The United States military wants to see if
    soldiers with only 4 hours of sleep can operate
    at the same level as those who normally get 7
    hours of sleep. One hundred solders are allowed
    to only sleep for 4 hours a night and another
    hundred are allowed to sleep for 7 hours a night.
    During the day, the soldiers are tested for
    marksmanship on the firing range.
  • What is the control group of the military
    experiment?

Hmmm. Remember the control group are those who
are not given the experimental treatment. Try
again.
Correct.
Soldiers with 7 hours sleep
Soldiers with 4 hours sleep
Score on the firing range
The number of soldiers
Hmmm. Remember the control group are those who
are not given the experimental treatment. Try
again.
Hmmm. Remember the control group are those who
are not given the experimental treatment. Try
again.
16
Variable Practice USA Military
back
  • The United States military wants to see if
    soldiers with only 4 hours of sleep can operate
    at the same level as those who normally get 7
    hours of sleep. One hundred solders are allowed
    to only sleep for 4 hours a night and another
    hundred are allowed to sleep for 7 hours a night.
    During the day, the soldiers are tested for
    marksmanship on the firing range.
  • What is the dependent variable of the military
    experiment?

Hmmm. Remember the dependent variable is the data
collected. Try again.
Hmmm. This was the independent variable. Try
again.
The ammunition used
Amount of sleep given
Score on the firing range
The number of soldiers
Correct.
Hmmm. Remember the dependent variable is the data
collected. Try again.
17
Back to Our Experiment
back
Lets look at the blood pressures at the start of
this experiment. Wheres the data Jerry?
I have it right here Jane.
  • At the start of the experiment, remember that
    everyone had their blood pressures measured. On
    average, both the control group and the
    experimental group had a systolic blood pressure
    of 120. This is a fairly healthy blood pressure.
    Click the ? Buttons below to continue.

Control group Experimental group
Start 120 mm Hg 120 mmHg
End
?
?
Did you click both boxes? If so, click here next.
18
Sun Mon Tues Wed Thurs Fri Sat
1 Take initial blood pressures 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
13 14 15 16 17 18 19
20 21 22 23 24 25 26
27 28 29 30 Take final blood pressures
Day 2
Day 3
Day 4
Day 5
Day 6
Day 7
Day 8
Day 9
Day 10
Day 11
Day 12
Day 13
Day 14
Day 15
Day 16
Day 17
Day 18
Day 19
Day 20
Day 21
Day 22
Day 23
Day 24
Day 25
Day 26
Day 27
Day 28
Day 29
back
19
1 Month Later
back
Im so anxious. I hope our hypothesis was valid.
Finally our experiment is finished. Its been 30
days. Lets see the data.
  • After one month all 50 people returned to have
    their blood pressure examined. Click the ?
    boxes below to reveal the results.
  • Those who were not using Kobe-cyol maintained
    their healthy blood pressure of 120. However,
    those who used Kobe-cyol now had an average blood
    pressure of 145. Time to make our graph.

Control group Experimental group
Start 120 mm Hg 120 mm Hg
End 120 mm Hg 145 mm Hg
?
?
20
Graphing the Data
back
No. This is too vague.
  • A title needs to be clear to a reader. Avoid
    titles such as Biology graph and Our data
    because these titles dont tell us what the graph
    really shows. Click on the good title.
  • Now we need to label the X and Y axis.

The results of a month long test
Affects of Kobe-Cyol on blood pressure
Affects of Kobe-cyol on blood pressure
Graphs makes our data easier to understand.
Others will read our results once we share our
findings.
Pictures are worth a thousand words after all.
We better be clear about the data. Lets start
with the title.
21
Graphing the Data
back
  • Again. Be specific. Which label is specific on
    the Y axis?
  • Now for the X axis. Which is specific?

Affects of Kobe-Cyol on blood pressure
Amount of what? This is too vague.
Amount
Blood pressure values (mm Hg)
Blood pressure values (mm Hg)
Length of time (days)
Be specific.
Length of time (days)
Time
22
Graphing the Data
back
  • Now we gotta number the X axis for 30 days.
  • Keep in mind our data.
  • Control group
  • Start 120
  • End 120
  • Experiment group
  • Start 120
  • End 145
  • We must use equal intervals to number the Y axis.

Affects of Kobe-Cyol on blood pressure
180 170 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 5
0 40 30 20 10 0
Blood pressure values (mm Hg)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
20 22 24 26 28 30
Length of time (days)
23
Graphing the Data
back
  • Since we have two groups to graph, we need two
    different line patterns.
  • Solid line will represent the control group.
  • Dotted line will represent the experimental
    group.
  • So now we need to add a key so the readers of our
    graph know this.

Affects of Kobe-Cyol on blood pressure
180 170 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 5
0 40 30 20 10 0
KEY Solid control group dots experi-mental
group
Blood pressure values (mm Hg)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
20 22 24 26 28 30
Length of time (days)
24
Graphing the Data
back
  • Now we are ready to fill in the graph itself.
    Lets graph the people who used Kobe-cyol first.
  • People who used Kobe-cyol
  • (Experiment group)
  • Start 120
  • End 145
  • Now connect the two dots.

Affects of Kobe-Cyol on blood pressure
180 170 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 5
0 40 30 20 10 0
KEY Solid control group dots experi-mental
group
Blood pressure values (mm Hg)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
20 22 24 26 28 30
Length of time (days)
25
Graphing the Data
back
  • Now lets graph the people who did not use
    Kobe-cyol (Control group)
  • Start 120
  • End 120
  • Now connect the dots.

Affects of Kobe-Cyol on blood pressure
180 170 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 5
0 40 30 20 10 0
KEY Solid control group dots experi-mental
group
Blood pressure values (mm Hg)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
20 22 24 26 28 30
Length of time (days)
26
What is the data telling us?
back
  • To determine what could have caused the jump in
    blood pressure, we need to examine what was
    different between the two groups of people?
  • Number of people
  • Exercise habits
  • Diet habits
  • Length of testing time
  • Type of medication taken

Affects of Kobe-Cyol on blood pressure
180 170 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 5
0 40 30 20 10 0
correct
KEY Solid control group dots experi-mental
group
same
different
correct
Blood pressure values (mm Hg)
same
different
correct
same
different
correct
same
different
same
different
correct
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
20 22 24 26 28 30
Length of time (days)
27
What is the data telling us?
back
  • Number of people
  • Exercise habits
  • Diet habits
  • Length of testing time
  • Type of medication taken
  • If the only change between the two groups was the
    type of medication taken, then that must be the
    reason for the increased blood pressure. I hope
    you see the importance of only 1 independent
    variable.

same
Affects of Kobe-Cyol on blood pressure
same
180 170 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 5
0 40 30 20 10 0
same
KEY Solid control group dots experi-mental
group
same
different
Blood pressure values (mm Hg)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
20 22 24 26 28 30
Length of time (days)
28
What about the Hypothesis?
back
  • Now that our graph is finished, what does it tell
    us about our hypothesis? If you forgot, the
    hypothesis was If a person uses Kobe-cyol, then
    they may have higher than normal blood pressure.

Affects of Kobe-Cyol on blood pressure
One experiment proves nothing. More tests are
required to state this.
180 170 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 5
0 40 30 20 10 0
The hypothesis was proven correct.
KEY Solid control group dots experi-mental
group
Correct.
The hypothesis appears valid.
Blood pressure values (mm Hg)
Are you sure? The data agrees with the prediction.
The hypothesis is proven wrong.
Are you sure? The data agrees with the prediction.
The hypothesis appears wrong.
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
20 22 24 26 28 30
Length of time (days)
29
Stating a Conclusion
back
I think we should take the 25 patients off
Kobe-cyol immediately and continue to monitor
their health.
Wow! I know it is only 1 experiment, but we need
to report our findings so others can check our
work.
Correct
  • A conclusion should be a clear and understandable
    summary of the main idea learned from the
    experiment. Be straight to the point. What would
    a good summary be?

This may be true, but it is too vague.
This may be true, but it is not the main idea
learned.
Kobe-cyol appears to raise the blood pressure of
normal individuals.
Our experiment was valid and well deigned.
Kobe-cyol makes people sick and unhealthy.
Kobe-cyol was the independent variable of this
experiment.
This may be true, but it is too vague.
30
Reporting your results
back
  • In order for others to confirm our findings, our
    results need to be shared with others. There are
    many journals that collect research performed by
    scientists around the world. Even newspapers and
    magazines will often pick up on a study of great
    importance. This is how information is spread
    around the world about various scientific
    findings.
  • Experiments are valid when the rules of the
    scientific method have been followed. This method
    reduces errors, eliminates bias, and advances our
    understanding of the world in which we live.
  • Lets Review
  • 1) What is a tentative solution to a problem
    called?

Try again. This is the data collected.
Try again. This is the factor differing in an
experiment.
Try again. This is the comparison group.
Correct.
hypothesis
independent variable
dependent variable
control group
31
Review 2
back
  • Which variable differs between the control group
    and the experimental group?

Dependent variable
Independent variable
This is the data that is collected because of the
change.
Correct
32
Review 3
back
  • Which hypothesis best fits the problem question
    below?
  • Problem question Why do some people develop
    diabetes?

A diet that is high in sugar can lead to diabetes.
That may answer the question, but it is not
worded in proper format.
That may answer the question, but it is not
worded in proper format.
Diabetes is caused by a high sugary diet.
Correct.
If a person has a diet that is high in
sugar, then that may lead to diabetes.
33
Review 4
back
  • Pretend our control group had 35 people exercise
    according to a different plan than the 25 people
    of the experimental group who still took
    Kobe-cyol for 1 month. How many variables would
    be in this experiment?

ONE
THREE
TWO
Recount. How many times do the control group and
experimental group differ according to the
question?
Recount. How many times do the control group and
experimental group differ according to the
question?
  • Correct.
  • Different number of people
  • Different exercise program
  • Use of Kobe-cyol

34
Review 5
back
  • Pretend our control group had 35 people exercise
    according to a different plan than the 25 people
    of the experimental group who still took
    Kobe-cyol for 1 month. Why is this a poorly
    designed experiment?

There are too many different variables
between the control and experimental groups.
There are no independent variables to
this experiment.
The dependent variable is not different from
the control group.
Correct. Valid experiments only differ once.
This statement is confusing actually. How many
differences should exist between the control and
experimental groups?
Thats not true. There are actually multiple
variables.
35
The end!
back
  • You will be expected to use the scientific method
    throughout the course of the school year. I hope
    this tutorial simplified how it can help solve
    problems. Be sure your name is on your paper
    before submitting your work.
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