Who discovered America?

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United States HistoryThe Cold War Conflicts
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The Cold War 1945-1991
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Cold War Begins

• a non-military battle of diplomacy and propaganda
  between the United States and Soviet Union
• Lasted from 1945-1990
• led to hot wars around globe
• in Korea, Vietnam
• - Many of the smaller wars were called proxy wars
  because the U.S. and U.S.S.R. never fought face
  to face

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U.S. vs. USSR (Soviet Union)

• U.S. U.S.S.R
• Capitalism Communism
• Private property State owns
• Democratic Totalitarian

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The Ideological Struggle
Soviet Eastern Bloc NationsIron Curtain
US the Western Democracies
GOAL ? spread world-wide Communism
GOAL ? Containment of Communism the eventual
collapse of the Communist world.George Kennan

• METHODOLOGIES
• Espionage KGB vs. CIA
• Arms Race nuclear escalation
• Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts
  of Third World peoples Communist govt. command
  economy vs. democratic govt. capitalist
  economy ? proxy wars
• Bi-Polarization of Europe NATO vs. Warsaw Pact

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The Iron Curtain
From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the
Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across
the Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient
capitals of Central and Eastern Europe.
-- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946
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FIGHTING COMMUNISM

• CONTAINMENT POLICY The U.S. would work to stop
  the spread of communism.
• 1. Truman Doctrine
• 2. Marshall Plan
• 3. NATO and other alliances

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4. The Truman Doctrine Domino Theory

• Truman Doctrine U.S. would aid countries around
  the world who are fighting communism (like Greece
  and Turkey).
• Domino Theory If the U.S. doesnt fight
  communism, then countries will fall to communism
  like dominos.

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The Truman Doctrine

• Truman had been horrified at the pre-war Allied
  policy of appeasement and was determined to stand
  up to any Soviet intimidation.The Truman
  Doctrine in March 1947 promised that the USA
  would support free peoples who are resisting
  subjugation by armed minorities or by outside
  pressures.
• Triggered by British inability to hold the line
  in Greece, it was followed by aid to Greece and
  Turkey, and also money to help capitalists to
  stop communists in Italy and France.It
  signalled the end of isolationst policies.

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The Marshall Plan 1948

• Plan to aid Europein ruins
• Prevent countries from falling to communists
• Aid American business
• 17 billion to 16 countries in Europe (not Soviet
  Union)

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The Marshall Plan

• The Marshall Plan offered huge sums to enable the
  economies of Europe to rebuild after World War
  II, and, by generating prosperity, to reject the
  appeal of Communism.
• The Soviet Union (USSR) prevented Eastern
  European countries from receiving American money.

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NATO vs. WARSAW PACT

• North Atlantic Treaty Organization defense
  alliance among U.S. and Europe against the Soviet
  Union. Still exists.
• Warsaw Pact Defense alliance among Soviet Union
  and its satellite governments in Eastern Europe.
  

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North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949)

• United States
• Belgium
• Britain
• Canada
• Denmark
• France
• Iceland
• Italy

• Luxemburg
• Netherlands
• Norway
• Portugal
• 1952 Greece Turkey
• 1955 West Germany
• 1983 Spain

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Warsaw Pact (1955)

• U. S. S. R.
• Albania
• Bulgaria
• Czechoslovakia

• East Germany
• Hungary
• Poland
• Rumania

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Postwar Germany

• Nuremburg Trials for war crimes
• Divided into 4 zones
• West Germany U.S., Britain, and France
• East Germany- Soviets
• Capitol city of Berlin divided into 4 zones (in
  East Germany)
• Berlin Airlift In 1948-49, the U.S. and Europe
  flew food and supplies to save West Berlin,
  until Soviets reopened roads.

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Improve your knowledge
Divided Berlin

• The Russians took very high casualties to capture
  Berlin in May 1945. They spent the early
  occupation trying to take over all zones of the
  city but were stopped by German democrats such as
  Willy Brandt and Konrad Adenauer. Reluctantly the
  Russians had to admit the Americans, French and
  British to their respective zones.

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Iron Curtain A term used by Winston Churchill
to describe the separating of Those
communist lands of East Europe from the West.
Divided Germany
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Berlin Blockade Airlift (1948-49)
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Berlin

• West Berlin, was an outpost of Western democracy
  and economic success deep within the communist
  zone like a capitalist island within communist
  East Germany
• The Berlin Blockade was an attempt to starve
  West Berlin into submitting giving up to the
  communists
• The Allied western powers airlift signalled the
  Wests determination to use all resources to
  defend Berlin.It was felt by both sides that
  Berlin could act as the trigger for general war
  between capitalist and communist countries

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Post War Japan

• U.S. occupied under General MacArthur
• New constitution
• Democracy with Emperor as figurehead
• Rebuild economy
• Abolished army and navy
• Tokyo trials convicted war criminals

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The Red Scare

• Intense fear of Communists taking over U.S.
• China became a Communist country in 1949.
• Soviets developed an atomic bomb in 1949.
• Rosenbergs convicted of selling atomic secrets to
  Soviet Union. Executed 1953.

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McCarthyism

• In 1950, Republican Senator Joseph McCarthy of
  Wisconsin claimed that he had lists of
  communists in the U.S. government.
• Falsely accused hundreds of people of being
  active Communists, ruining lives.
• When hearings were televised, people saw that
  McCarthy was wrongly accusing many people.
• Censured (punished) by Senate.

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Korean War1950-1953
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Korean War1950-1953
Kim Il-Sung
Syngman Rhee
Domino Theory
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MacArthur at Inch'on landing

• U.S. General Douglas MacArthur led the U.N.
  force, approximately 80 of which were U.S.
  soldiers.

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Korean War, 1950-53

• Divided north and south at 38th parallel at end
  of WWII.
• In 1950, Communist North Korea invaded South
  Korea.
• The U.S. and United Nations, aided the South
  China aided the North Koreans.
• Treaty signed in 1953, keeping dividing line at
  38th parallel (still today).
• 33,000 American soldiers died, 100,000 wounded.

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The Shifting Map of Korea1950-1953
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Ending the War

• U.N. troops regained South Korea by March of
  1951.

• Gen. MacArthur wanted to attack China with
  support of Chinese nationalists.

• President Truman disagreed with MacArthur about
  attacking China.

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• Truman fired MacArthur for defying him by
  publicly taunting and threatening the Chinese.

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• In July of 1953, the Korean War ended

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Space Race

• Began when Soviets beat the U.S. into space
• Soviet satellite Sputnik launched in 1957
• Explorer I, the first U.S. satellite, was
  launched in 1958.
• The National Defense Act of 1958 approved federal
  funding of education in math, science and foreign
  languages.
• Reforms in education

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The Arms RaceA Missile Gap?

• The Soviet Union exploded its first A-bomb in
  1949.
• Now there were two nuclear superpowers!

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Nuclear Arms Race

• Hydrogen bomb invented both U.S. and Soviets
  had them
• 1,000 times more powerful than atomic
  bombvaporized an island.
• Dangers of fallout and radiation
• Many built
• bomb shelters!!

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Improve your knowledge

• The nuclear bomb gave America a lead which was
  expected to last at least 5 years. The rapid
  Russian development of nuclear technology, helped
  by the work of the atom spies was a
  shock.Significantly, Russia hurriedly declared
  war against Japan at the beginning of August 1945
  and rushed to advance into Asia to stake out a
  position for the post-war settlement. This helped
  make both the Korean and Vietnamese conflicts
  more likely.

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National Defense Budget 1940-1964
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Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist states, it doesn't depend
on you whether we (Soviet Union) exist.If you
don't like us, don't accept our invitations,
and don'tinvite us to come to see you. Whether
you like it our not, history is on our side. We
will bury you. -- 1956
De-Stalinization Program
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An Historic Irony Sergei Khrushchev, American
Citizen
Who buried who?
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Maos Revolution 1949
Who lost China?
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Growing Interest in China

• Peoples Republic of China
• In the 1940s, China was embroiled in a civil
  war.

Nationalists Led by Chiang Kai-shek
Communists Led by Mao Zedong
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• The U.S. gave the Chiang Kai-shek millions of
  dollars, but the communists won the war.

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• China became a communist country, and Chiang
  Kai-shek and his forces fled to Taiwan.

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Nixon-KhrushchevKitchen Debate(1959)
Cold War ---gt Tensions
lt--- Technology Affluence
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U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col. Francis Gary Powers plane was shot down
over Soviet airspace.
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Paris, 1961
Khrushchev JFK meet to discuss Berlin and
nuclear proliferation. Khrushchev thinks that
JFK is young, inexperienced, and can be rolled.
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The Berlin Wall Goes Up (1961)
CheckpointCharlie
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Ich bin ein Berliner! (1963)
President Kennedy tells Berliners that the West
is with them!
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Khruschev Embraces Castro,1961
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Bay of Pigs Debacle (1961)
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Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
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Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
We went eyeball-to-eyeball with the Russians, and
the other man blinked!
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Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
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Vietnam War 1965-1973
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The Cold War Years

• Quiz

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Who controlled East Berlin?

1. United States
2. Soviet Union
3. Cuba
4. Frankenstein

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How did America get supplies to West Berlin?

1. Mailed them U.P.S.
2. Sent them in by trains.
3. Flew them in by planes.
4. Dropped them from a parachute.

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Who invaded South Korea and tried to take over
their country?

1. Britain
2. North Korea
3. United States
4. Donald Duck

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Who was president during the Cuban Missile Crisis?

• A. Lyndon B. Johnson
• B. Thomas Jefferson
• C. John F. Kennedy
• D. Ronald Reagan

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Where did the Soviet Union build their missile
sites?

• A. Russia
• B. England
• C. United States
• D. Cuba

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How did the United States avoid nuclear was with
the Soviets?

1. Set up a naval blockade around Cuba.
2. Threatened to bomb Russia.
3. Told Soviet leaders to take a hike.
4. Attacked Russias military.

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What was the arms race?

1. It was the way presidents are elected.
2. It was the build up of weapons in order to have
   the most power for protection.
3. It was the invention of the atomic bomb.
4. It was the way many Americans spent their free
   time in the 1950s.

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The Cold War Years

• Quiz

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Who controlled East Berlin?

1. United States
2. Soviet Union
3. Cuba
4. Frankenstein

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How did America get supplies to West Berlin?

1. Mailed them U.P.S.
2. Sent them in by trains.
3. Flew them in by planes.
4. Dropped them from a parachute.

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Who invaded South Korea and tried to take over
their country?

1. Britain
2. North Korea
3. United States
4. Donald Duck

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Who was president during the Cuban Missile Crisis?

• A. Lyndon B. Johnson
• B. Thomas Jefferson
• C. John F. Kennedy
• D. Ronald Reagan

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Where did the Soviet Union build their missile
sites?

• A. Russia
• B. England
• C. United States
• D. Cuba

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How did the United States avoid nuclear war with
the Soviets?

1. Set up a naval blockade around Cuba.
2. Threatened to bomb Russia.
3. Told Soviet leaders to take a hike.
4. Attacked Russias military.

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What was the arms race?

1. It was the way presidents are elected.
2. It was the build up of weapons in order to have
   the most power for protection.
3. It was the invention of the atomic bomb.
4. It was the way many Americans spent their free
   time in the 1950s.