Physical Science

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Physical Science

• Ch. 21

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Section 1
Simple Organic Compounds
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• Organic compounds
• compounds mostly found in living things and
  containing the element carbon

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• Carbon can form many compounds
• Has four valence electrons
• Can form 4 covalent bonds with atoms of elements
• Can bond w/atoms of other elements
• such as hydrogen and oxygen.

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• Can link together with other carbon atoms in many
  different arrangements
• Chains
• Branched chains
• Rings
• Can form single, double, or triple bonds.

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• Hydrocarbons
• Made of hydrogen carbon
• Single Bond Series
• Alkane (ends with ane)
• Double Bond Series
• Alkene (ends with ene)
• 2 Carbon atoms share 2 electrons
• Triple Bond Series
• Alkyne (ends with yne)
• 2 Carbon atoms share 3 electrons

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C Prefix Single Double Triple
1 Meth- -ane -ene -yne
2 Eth-
3 Prop-
4 But-
5 Pent-
6 Hex-
7 Hept-
8 Oct-
9 Non-
10 Dec-
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C Prefix Single Double Triple
1 Meth- Methane DNE DNE
2 Eth- Ethane Ethene Ethyne
3 Prop- Propane Propene Propyne
4 But- Butane Butene Butyne
5 Pent- Pentane Pentene Pentyne
6 Hex- Hexane Hexene Hexyne
7 Hept- Heptane Heptene Heptyne
8 Oct- Octane Octene Octyne
9 Non- Nonane Nonene Nonyne
10 Dec- Decane Decene Decyne
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Saturated vs Unsaturated

• Saturated hydrocarbons
• Contain only single-bonded carbon atoms
• Unsaturated hydrocarbons
• Contain at least one double or triple bond

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Section 2
Other Organic Compounds
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Benzene Ring

• AKA Aromatic compound
• Electrons are shared by all six carbon atoms in
  the ring.
• Equal sharing of electrons
• Shown as alternating double and single bonds
• Causes the benzene molecule to be very stable

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Benzene Ring

• C
• C C
• C C
• C

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• Substituted hydrocarbons
• have one or more of their hydrogen atoms replaced
  by atoms or groups of other elements
• Ex. Alcohol -OH
• Organic Acids -COOH
• Mercaptans -SH

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C Prefix Alcohol
1 Meth- -ol
2 Eth- -ol
3 Prop- -ol
4 But- -ol
5 Pent- -ol
6 Hex- -ol
7 Hept- -ol
8 Oct- -ol
9 Non- -ol
10 Dec- -ol
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C Prefix Alcohol Single
1 Meth- -ol Methanol
2 Eth- -ol Ethanol
3 Prop- -ol Propanol
4 But- -ol Butanol
5 Pent- -ol Pentanol
6 Hex- -ol Hexanol
7 Hept- -ol Heptanol
8 Oct- -ol Octanol
9 Non- -ol Nonanol
10 Dec- -ol Decanol
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Section 3
Petroleum A source of Carbon Compounds
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• Petroleum
• mixture of thousands of carbon compounds
• Fractional distillation
• process that uses the different boiling points of
  compounds to separate the individual carbon
  compounds in petroleum
• Uses of petroleum compounds
• Fuels, solvents, asphalt plastics

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• Monomers
• small molecules that form links in the polymer
  chain
• Polymers
• extremely large, chain-like molecules

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Polymers

• Can be made to have different properties
• From light and flexible to strong and rigid.
• These properties depend on
• The monomers used to make the polymer
• Amount of branching in polymer molecule
• How the polymer is shaped
• Example Polyethylene
• Made when ethylene combines with itself
  repeatedly
• Uses
• shopping bags, plastic bottles