Point of View pictures and Sumerian Vocab

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Point of View pictures and Sumerian Vocab
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Vocab for Sumer

• Fertile Crescent Area of land in Asia that is
  shaped like a crescent and is good for growing
  crops.

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Mesopotamia

• Greek word for the land between two rivers.
  Can be used as a synonym for the Fertile Crescent

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Tigris Euphrates

• The two rivers that flow through Fertile Crescent
  to the Persian Gulf. They are wild and often
  overflow which is what makes the area so fertile

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Sumer Sumerian

• Southern section of the Fertile Crescent.
  Sumerians lived in Sumer, one of the first
  civilizations in the world.

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History begins with Sumer

• Sumerians were the first to develop a form of
  writing. Their writing (cuneiform) propels them
  into history where writing records their stories
  and their way of life.

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Cradle of Civilization

• What we call the Fertile Crescent or Mesopotamia.
  This land was the cradle for holding the
  new-born baby that was civilization.

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Civilization

• Three requirements
• A group of people
• Share a way of life
• Can read and write

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Culture

• A way of life that includes
• Dress, customs, holidays, language, religions,
  foods, stories, heroes and traditions.

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1 - Ancient Sumer and Babylonia

• On the map
• Present day Iraq (near Iran)
• Few resources besides clay (needed stone, wood,
  gold)

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• Good water two rivers surrounding the land
• Good crops (flax, barley)
• About 6 great cities in an area about the size of
  Massachusetts

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First civilization

• Sumer was responsible for the first
• Casting of bronze and copper
• Engraving
• Sculpting
• Writing
• Law-making

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• Government
• Weights and Measures
• Astronomy
• AND MORE!!!!

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2 - Sumerian Economy

• Different jobs
• Farmers
• Herdsmen
• Fishermen
• Merchants
• Scribes
• Potters
• Masons
• Jewelers

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Farmers

• Farming was the most popular job
• Used donkeys and oxen
• The oldest piece of literature found is a farmers
  almanac 5000 years old!

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• Barley was their best grain they used it for
  porridge, flour, and beer

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Traders

• Traders were needed to obtain stone, wood and
  metal.
• What about the location of Sumer made it a good
  trading community??

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3 - City-states

• Once the people of Sumer were able to produce
  sufficient food, their population could grow.

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• They created cities with canals built for
  irrigation, walls for protection and temples for
  honoring their gods.

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Population Growth

• By 2000 B.C. the cities within Sumer grew so
  large that some, like Ur, had more than 200,000
  residents.

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Protection

• Cities were protected with walls and moats.
• The city of Uruk had a wall that was 6 miles long
  with over 900 towers.

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Houses

• Most houses were made of clay bricks covered
  smoothly with mud.
• There was very little city planning and the
  cities were very unattractive!!
• Most houses had a family burial crypt below the
  house.

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Garbage

• Garbage and Sewerage were thrown into the streets
  until they piled higher than the house!!

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Upper - class

• Although most houses were only one story, upper
  class members of Sumer had two story houses with
  more rooms and . . . . . . WOOD FURNITURE!!
• Why was wood furniture a big deal??

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Decorations

• Residents would decorate their houses with animal
  skins and rugs and woolen wall hangings to cover
  the walls and floors

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Market place

• The business area of town was filled with booths
  for merchants to supply the townspeople with all
  their material needs
• How do you think people paid for things??

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4 Fun and Games

• Archaeologist have found a board game buried in
  royal graves. They have not been able to find
  any rules, but the game consists of pieces and
  dice just like any game you would play today.

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More fun

• The board game may have been an upper-class
  recreation. Other forms of recreation that we
  know of include harp playing, monkey shows and
  bare-fisted boxing matches

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5 Education

• The biggest impact Sumerians had on education was
  developing cuneiform.
• The wrote on clay tablets with a sharpened reed
  called a stylus

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Cuneiform

• The scribe wrote from left to right and from
  top to bottom (Why?)

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School

• School was referred to as the tablet house
• The school was for males only and the head of the
  school was called the school-father

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School faculty

• Other workers had special responsibilities
• The teacher assistant (Big Brother) checked
  homework, prepared new tablets

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• Penmanship teacher
• Grammar teacher
• Attendance Keeper
• Discipline (Man with the whip)

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Curriculum

• The main focus of school was to become a scribe
• Single classes lasted from morning to sunset

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Discipline

• Discipline appears to have been a problem in
  schools, but was solved with the whip or cane

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One boys story

• He was caned for
• Being late
• Grammar mistake
• Wearing dirty clothes
• Speaking without permission
• Standing without permission
• Taking something without permission
• Poor script work
• Poor spoken grammar

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• He invited the teacher to have dinner at his
  house where the boys father gave the teacher new
  clothes, a ring and a raise in pay and the
  teacher praised the boy from then on!

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6 - Ziggurat

• Temples built for many years in each Sumerian
  city
• The Ziggurat in Ur had over 3 million bricks!

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Ziggurat

• They were different from pyramids. Pyramids were
  resting places while Ziggurats were believed to
  be stairways from heaven.

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• Each Ziggurat had two temples
• The higher one was for receiving their heavenly
  visitor
• The lower one was for helping their visitor rest
  before ascending again

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Religion

• Soon, priests were praying for the entire
  community in the Ziggurat all day long (Why?)
• The temple became the center of the community and
  markets and courts starting to form around the
  Ziggurat

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7 Death pit of Ur

• Sometime around 2000 B.C. the Death Pit of Ur was
  destroyed by enemies.
• We have learned much of daily Sumerian life from
  the remnants of these pits.

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• When a king died he was buried with his most
  valuable possessions, as well as voluntary human
  sacrifices of his
• Guards, musicians, servants, court officials,
  wives, donkey (although properly not as voluntary
  for the donkey)

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8 Rules of the Dead

• They believed that Gods lived above the earth and
  the dead descended to the nether world below the
  earth.

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• They believed that even the moon and the sun
  spent time in the nether world.
• The nether world was portrayed as a place of
  darkness

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• They believed that Gilgamesh was responsible for
  enforcing the rules of the nether world.

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• To go into the nether world, the dead were not
  allowed to wear oils, sandals, carry a weapon,
  make noise or even wear clean clothes
• Any violation and their soul would be trapped.

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• They also believed that by bringing gifts to the
  Gods who ran the underworld they could achieve
  greater happiness and contentment in the nether
  world.

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• Many of the Sumerian beliefs in the after life
  are also present the later cultures of Greece and
  Rome

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Map Quiz
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Goodbye Sumer, Hello Babylon

• When 1750 B.C.
• Where Sumer, Fertile Crescent, Mesopotamia
• Who Hummurabi (from the North)

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How

• The three Ws
• Watched all the fighting between Sumerian
  city-states
• Waited for them to get tired

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• WON!! surprised them and they would not
  co-operate with each other to beat Hammurabi

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What

• Hammurabi accomplished the following
• Fixed up / remodeled the city-states, especially
  his new beautiful capital of Babylon (re-named
  the land after it)
• Made the fighting stop!!
• Left everything else alone

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Importance

• Hammurabi and the Babylonians were given credit
  for
• Bringing peace to the land
• Creating a 12-month / 360 day calendar

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• Inventing the Sun Dial
• Inventing the Water Clock
• Creating the Ishtar Gate
• Establishing Hammurabis Code of Laws

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Other people of the Fertile Crescent

• The fertile crescent was an area of non-stop WAR
• Many civilizations conquered the land, set their
  own rules and culture and then were swept away

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• The Sumerians were first, but there were many
  others to follow . . . . . .

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Babylonians

• Nickname The TIME people
• Leader Hammurabi

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• Contributions Things having to do with time
• Sundial
• Water Clock
• Calendar
• Hammurabi Code
• Ishtar Gate

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Hebrews

• Ancestors of Jewish people
• They gave us the idea of monotheism One God
  instead of 3,000
• They also gave us one of the greatest pieces of
  literature ever written the Bible

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Assyrians

• Nickname Poor Winners
• They were ruthless conquerors, but had good
  fashion sense
• Famous ruler queen named Semiramis

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• She sent armies to the north and south and WON.
• She also invented trousers. They were more
  comfortable to wear on horseback and the enemy
  could not tell if the soldier was a man or a
  woman when they wore trousers.

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Persians

• Nickname the Big Bad Bullies of Asia
• They ruled all of Asia!! (not just the crescent)
• BIG lots of members

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• BAD loved to take over anything and everything
• BULLIES targeted weaker people and didnt play
  fair

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Phoenicians

• Nickname The A-B-C-D People
• A- Alphabet
• They were different from any other people of the
  crescent. They did NOT farm, they were sailors
  and traders.
• They lived near the coast of the Mediterranean.

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A- Alphabet

• To keep a record of their sales they developed
  the Alphabet

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B Big Mouths

• They were salesmen and good talkers. They had to
  be!

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C Carriers of Civilization

• They not only went from place to place to trade
  goods, but they also brought with them new ideas
  and shared them with all the people they traded
  with.

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D Dye

• Dye was their best selling item
• It was a certain shade of purple that came from
  shellfish in the Mediterranean
• It was so expensive that in Rome, only Emperors
  were allowed to wear a stripe of it on their
  togas.

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Stars of the Fertile Crescent

• Hammurabi Babylonian
• Nebuchadnezzar
• Babylonian King.
• Constructed the hanging gardens of Babylon for
  his
• wife

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More stars . . . .

• Semiramis
• Enlil-Bani interesting way to become King

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Enlil-Bani

• On New Years Day Mesopotamians had a huge
  celebration and at the end of the day they were
  suppose to sacrifice their king to bring them
  good luck for the next year.

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But . . .

• The real king had no intention of kicking the
  bucket, so the people went out and got a KING FOR
  THE DAY

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The Royal Treatment

• This guy was given the best treatment in the
  world for the entire day . . . And then ..
  

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Enlil-Bani

• Enlil-Bani got lucky though - - - He was chosen
  as king for the day but during his day, the real
  king DIED!! He went on to rule for 24 years!!!!

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Sargon the Great

• Sargon means True King
• He began in a simple herding family and rose all
  the way up to be King
• He was the first ruler of the land (before
  Hammurabi)