Title: Applying Population Ecology: Human Population and Urbanization
1Applying Population Ecology Human Population and
Urbanization
2Core Case Study Ecocity in Brazil (1)
- Curitiba ecological capital of Brazil
- Inexpensive, efficient mass transit
- High-rise apartments near bus routes, mixed-use
structures - Bike and pedestrian paths
3Core Case Study Ecocity in Brazil (2)
- 1.5 million trees planted
- Recycling
- Build-it-yourself system for poor
- Emphasis on ecological awareness, health, literacy
4Curitiba, Brazil
Fig. 7-1, p. 123
57-1 How Many People Can the Earth Support?
- Concept 7-1 We do not know how long we can
continue increasing the earths carrying capacity
for humans without seriously degrading the
life-support systems for us and many other
species.
6Human Population Explosion
- Exponential growth (J-curve) in past 200 years
-
- Three major reasons
- Ability to expand into diverse habitats
- Emergence of agriculture
- Sanitation systems and control of infectious
diseases
7How Long Can the Human Population Grow
- Rate slowing, but still exponential
- Uneven global growth
- No population can grow indefinitely
- 2050 global estimates 7.210.6 billion people
- 97 growth in developing countries, least likely
to cope
8Human Alteration of the Environment
Fig. 7-2, p. 125
9Case Study Are There Too Manyof Us? (1)
- Resources for growing population?
- Positive viewpoint
- Technological solutions
- Growing population a value resource
- Negative viewpoint
- 20 currently lack necessities
- Declining conditions increase death rate
- Resource use already degrade environment
10Case Study Are There Too Manyof Us? (2)
- Optimum sustainable population
- Cultural carrying capacity
11UN World Population Projections
Fig. 7-3, p. 126
127-2 What Factors Influence Population Size?
- Concept 7-2A Population size increases because
of births and immigration and decreases through
deaths and emigration. - Concept 7-2B The average number of children born
to women in a population (total fertility rate)
is the key factor that determines the population
size.
13Population Change
- Population change
- (births immigration) - (deaths emigration)
- Demographers look at birth rates and death rates
14Number of Children
- Fertility rates affect population size and growth
rate - Replacement-level fertility rate
- Total fertility rate (TFR)
15Most Populous Countries
161.3 billion
China
1.5 billion
1.1 billion
India
1.4 billion
302 million
USA
349 million
282 million
Indonesia
271 million
169 million
Pakistan
229 million
189 million
Brazil
229 million
144 million
Nigeria
205 million
149 million
Bangladesh
190 million
142 million
Russia
128 million
128 million
Japan
119 million
Fig. 7-4, p. 127
17Case Study The U.S. Population Is Growing
Rapidly
- Quadrupled in 100 years, despite oscillations in
TFR - Baby boom High TFR
- Current births outnumbering deaths and legal
immigration - Growing faster than other developed countries
18Fertility Rate of the U.S. Population
19Baby boom (194664)
Replacement level
Fig. 7-5, p. 128
20Changes in the U.S. Population
2147 years
Life expectancy
77 years
8
Married women working outside the home
81
High school graduates
15
83
Homes with flush toilets
10
98
Homes with electricity
2
99
Living in suburbs
10
52
Hourly manufacturing job wage (adjusted for
inflation)
3
15
Homicides per 100,000 people
1.2
5.8
Fig. 7-6, p. 129
22Factors Affecting Birth Rates (1)
- Importance of children as part of labor force
- Cost of raising and educating children
- Availability of retirement systems
- Urbanization
- Educational and employment opportunities for
women
23Factors Affecting Birth Rates (2)
- Infant mortality rate
- Average marriage age
- Availability of legal abortion and reliable birth
control methods - Religious beliefs, traditions, cultural norms
24Factors Affecting Death Rates
- Population growth also response to decline in
crude death rate - Life expectancy and infant mortality rate
important indicators of overall health - Average life expectancy increased
- Infant mortality barometer of a societys
quality of life
25Migration
- Migration driven by economic desires
- Other reasons
- Religious persecution
- Political oppression
- Ethnic conflicts
- Wars
- Environmental degradation
26Case Study The United States (1)
- Nation of immigrants
- 18201960 Most immigrants European
- Since 1960
- Latin America 53
- Asia 25
- Europe 14
27Case Study The United States (2)
- Opponents of immigration
- Stabilize population sooner
- Reduce growing environmental impact
- 60 of population favor reducing immigration
- Proponents of immigration
- Important historical role
- Do menial jobs and pay taxes
- Add cultural vitality
- Replace retiring baby boomers
28Legal Immigration
291907
1914 New laws restrict immigration
Great Depression
Fig. 7-7, p. 130
307-3 How Does a Populations Age Structure Affect
Its Growth or Decline?
- Concept 7-3 The numbers of males and females in
young, middle, and older age groups determine how
fast populations grow or decline.
31Age Structure
- Distribution of population
- Prereproductive
- Reproductive
- Postreproductive
- Country with many young people grows rapidly
- Country with many older people will decline
- Developing countries gt30 under 15 years old
32Population Age Structures
33Male
Male
Female
Male
Female
Male
Female
Female
Declining Germany Bulgaria Russia
Stable Japan Italy Greece
Expanding Slowly United States Australia China
Expanding Rapidly Guatemala Nigeria Saudi Arabia
Fig. 7-8, p. 131
34Global Connections
Fig. 7-9, p. 132
35Age Structure Predicts the Future
- 50 of U.S. population baby boomers
- Graying of America
- 2043 25 of population over 65
- Changes the economy
36Tracking the Baby Boomers
Fig. 7-10, p. 132
37Stepped Art
Fig. 7-10, p. 132
38Declines Occur in Aging Populations
- Baby bust or birth dearth TFR below 1.5
children per couple - Labor shortages
- Strain on governments for public services
- Fewer taxpayers
39Rapid Population Decline
Fig. 7-11, p. 133
40Rising Death Rate The AIDS Tragedy
- Disrupts social, economic structure
- Removes productive young adults
- Next 50 years, 278 million will die (mostly
African) - Eight African countries 1639 infected adults
- Life expectancy 3040 years
417-4 How Can We Slow Population Growth?
- Concept 7-4 Experience indicates that the most
effective ways to slow population growth are to
invest in family planning, to reduce poverty, and
to elevate the status of women.
42Stages of Demographic Transition
- Preindustrial
- Transitional demographic trap
- Industrial
- Postindustrial
43Stages of Demographic Transition
44Stage 1 Preindustrial
Stage 2 Transitional
Stage 3 Industrial
Stage 4 Postindustrial
Population grows rapidly because birth rates are
high and death rates drop because of improved
food production and health
Population growth slows as both birth and
death rates drop because of improved
food production, health, and education
Population growth levels off and then declines as
birth rates equal and then fall below death rates
Population grows very slowly because of a high
birth rate (to com-pensate for high
infant mortality) and a high death rate
Total population
Birth rate
Death rate
Fig. 7-12, p. 134
45Family Planning (1)
- Birth spacing, birth control, health care
- Increased availability of contraception
- 55 drop in TFR of developing countries
- Developing countries
- Almost half pregnancies unplanned
- Lack access to family planning
46Family Planning (2)
- Replacement-level fertility achievable within
decades - Invest in family planning
- Reduce poverty
- Elevate the social and economic status of women
47Empowering Women Can Slow Population Growth
- Educated women have fewer children
- Illiterate woman 64 of worlds population, 70
of the poor - When daughters considered less valuable, not sent
to school - Poor conditions for women leads to environmental
degradation
48Case Study Slowing Population Growth in China (1)
- Half birth date and drastically reduce TFR
- Improved quality of life
- Strict family planning
- Sons still preferred gender imbalance
49Case Study Slowing Population Growth in China (2)
- Population rapidly aging
- Rapidly growing economy
- Larger middle class increases resource
consumption and waste - Sustainable economic plan needed to avoid
environmental degradation
50Case Study Slowing Population Growth in India
- Tried to slow population growth for five decades
- Most populous country in 2015
- Problems increase with growing population
- Poverty
- Malnutrition
- Environmental degradation
- Growing middle class resource consumption
517-5 What Are the Major Population and
Environmental Problems of Urban Areas?
- Concept 7-5 Cities can improve individual lives,
but most cities are unsustainable because of high
levels of resource use, waste, pollution, and
poverty.
52Urban Living
- Half the world lives in urban areas
- 80 of Americans in cities
- Urban areas continue to grow
- Natural increase
- Immigration
53Major Trends in Urban Growth
- Proportion of urban global population growing
- Number and sizes of urban areas mushrooming
- Rapid increase in urban populations in developing
countries - Urban growth slower in developed nations
- Poverty increasing
54Urban Areas and Megacities
Fig. 7-13, p. 138
55Case Study Urbanization in the United States
- 18002007, increased population 580 in urban
areas - Migration patterns
- Better working and housing conditions compared to
the past - Problems in urban areas
56Major Urban Centers in the United States
Fig. 7-14, p. 139
57Urban Sprawl
- Gobbling up countryside
- Causes
- Prosperity
- Ample and affordable land
- Automobiles
- Cheap gasoline
- Poor urban planning
58Urban Sprawl Around Las Vegas
Fig. 7-15, p. 139
59Stepped Art
Fig. 7-15, p. 139
60Undesirable Impacts of Urban Sprawl
Fig. 7-16, p. 140
61Consequences of Urban Sprawl
- Inadequate mass transportation
- Need to drive everywhere
- Decreased energy efficiency
- Traffic congestion
- Destruction of prime cropland, forests, wetlands
62U.S. Megalopolis Bowash
Fig. 7-17, p. 140
63Advantages of Urbanization
- Economic development
- Innovation
- Education and jobs
- Technological advances
- Recycling more economically feasible
- Longer life spans
64Disadvantages of Urbanization (1)
- Unsustainable systems
- Lack of vegetation
- Water problems
- Pollution and health problems
65Disadvantages of Urbanization (2)
- Noise pollution
- Climate and artificial light
- Urban heat islands
- Light pollution
66Urban Areas Are Rarely Sustainable
67Inputs
Outputs
Energy
Solid wastes
Waste heat
Food
Air pollutants
Water
Water pollutants
Raw materials
Greenhouse gases
Manufactured goods
Manufactured goods
Noise
Money
Wealth
Information
Ideas
Fig. 7-18, p. 141
68Noise Levels
69Permanent damage begins after 8-hour exposure
Noise Levels (in dbA)
Earphones at loud level
Normal breathing
Quiet rural area
Rainfall
Vacuum cleaner
Lawn mower
Rock music
Boom cars
Military rifle
Normal conversation
Chain saw
Air raid siren
Whisper
Quiet room
Average factory
Thunderclap (nearby)
Fig. 7-19, p. 142
70Urban Poor in Developing Countries
- Slums
- Shantytowns and squatter settlements
- Lack of basic services
71Living in a Shantytown
Fig. 7-20, p. 143
72Case Study Mexico City (1)
- Large population
- Severe noise, water, and air pollution
- 50 unemployment
- gt33 live in barrios
- 100,000 premature deaths per year
73Case Study Mexico City (2)
- 3 million without sewer
- Fecal snow
- Geography contributes to air pollution
- Progress tree planting and lower air pollution
747-6 How Does Transportation Affect Urban
Development?
- Concept 7-6 A combination of plentiful land,
inexpensive fuel, and an expanding network of
highways results in dispersed cities that depend
on motor vehicles for most transportation.
75Cities Can Grow Outward or Upward
- Compact cities
- Transportation by walking, biking, or mass
transit - Hong Kong, Tokyo
- Dispersed cities
- Transportation by automobile
- Most American cities
76Automobiles in the United States
- lt10 of worlds population own 1/3 of cars
- Gas guzzlers
- 40,000 people per year die from auto accidents
- Largest source of air pollution
- Lead to urban sprawl and congestion
77Reduce Automobile Use
- User-pays system
- Full-cost pricing
- Tax revenues to finance mass transit, bike paths,
sidewalks - High gasoline tax unlikely
- Need to discourage automobile use
78Alternatives to Cars
- Bicycles
- Mass transit systems in urban areas
- Bus systems
- Rapid rail
79Trade-offs Bicycles
Fig. 7-21, p. 145
80Trade-offs Mass Transit Rail
Fig. 7-22, p. 145
81Trade-offs Buses
Fig. 7-23, p. 146
82Trade-offs Rapid Rail
Fig. 7-24, p. 146
837-7 How Can Cities Become More Sustainable and
Livable?
- Concept 7-7 An ecocity allows people to choose
walking, biking, or mass transit for most
transportation needs recycle or reuse most of
their waste grow much of their food and protect
biodiversity by preserving surrounding land.
84Environmentally Sustainable Cities
- Smart growth
- Ecocities
- Build and design people-oriented cities
- Use energy and matter efficiently
- Prevent pollution and reduce waste
- Recycle, reuse, and compost
- Protect and encourage biodiversity
85Smart Growth and New Urbanism
Fig. 7-25, p. 147
86Animation Current and Projected Population Sizes
by Region
PLAY ANIMATION
87Animation Demographic Transition Model
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88Animation Resources Depletion and Degradation
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89Animation Habitat Loss and Fragmentation
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90Animation SF Bay Region Growth
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91Animation Examples of Age Structure
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92Animation U.S. Age Structure
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93Animation Economic Types
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94Animation Formation of Photochemical Smog
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95Animation Thermal Invasion and Smog
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96Video Easter Island
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97Video Bonus for a Baby
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98Video Cahuachi Excavation
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99Video World AIDS Day
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