Diapositiva 1

1
UNIVERSITY OF PALERMO - SICILY (Italy)
Department S.En.Fi.Mi.Zo - Animal production
Sector -
PhD student in PRODUZIONI FORAGGERE
MEDITERRANEE XVIII cycle
The donkey in livestock system in Italy current
use and future prospects
 
AnSc 640 TIES Seminar, CORNELL UNIVERSITY,
10/26/2005
Dr. Cristina Giosuè
2
Sicily
Italy

• Land 301,336 km2
• Population 57,888,245 people (ISTAT 2004)
• Climatic condition
• Winter average temperature 8C
• Spring average temperature 14C
• Summer average temperature 24C
• Fall average temperature 17C
• Average annual Rain 1000 mm

• Land 25,710 km2
• Population 5,003,262 (ISTAT 2004)
• Climatic condition
• Average annual temperature 18-22C
• Winter average temperature 10C
• Summer average temperature 26C
• Average annual Rain 500-600 mm

3
Gross Farm Income
Italy () Sicily ()
1) Agriculture 100 100
Crop 60 85
Livestock 40 15
2)Commodities 100 100
Milk 29
Egg 6
Honey 0.2
Meat 64.8
3)Animal species 100 100
Cow 38 48
Pig 26 7
Poultry 23 27
Rabbit 10 27
Sheep and goat 2.5 16.4
Equine 0.5 1.6
4
Systematic classification

• Class mammalian Order perissodattili Family
  equine
  Genus Equs Species asinus

Word origin
From Latin
A Si - Nus
ANIMAL (Animal)
SINE (without)
SENSU (feeling)
From Greek
ONOS
Onager (Latin)
Onagro (italian)
Wild donkey
5
Situation of the donkey sector in Italy

• Since 1950 donkey numbers have decreased

- Mechanization in the agriculture - Increase of
intensive system
Equine number
184,731
7867 donkey are in the South of Italy and in the
islands
6
Donkey breeds in Italy
6 main donkey breeds
Martina Franca
Sardo
7
Donkey breeds in Italy
6 main donkey breeds
Amiata
Asinara
Romagnolo
8
Donkey breeds in Italy
6 main donkey breeds
Ragusano
Pantesco
Sicilian
9
Donkey sector in Sicily

• About 60 donkey farms and 2000 animals in Sicily
  
• few animals/farm

• 952 Ragusana breed subjects registered in the
  R.A. (register of births) (IIP 2004)
• The Pantesco donkey is a dying breed and the
  Direzione Regionale dellAzienda Foreste
  Demaniali has carried out a conservation project
  since 1990.

10
Summary of the possible uses of the donkey
Good rustic and frugal characteristics
- Recovery of marginal land
- Farm holidays (trekking)
Reg. CE 1257/99 PSR 2000 2006 Reg. CE 1804/99
- Pet therapy and brain gym
- Livestock production

• - brasato
• Stracotto
• - Smoked meat
• - Cold meat and salami
• - sausages

MEAT
MILK

• Medicine

• Cosmetic industry

- PEDIATRICS
- GERIATRICS
- CARDIOLOGICS
- FOR SOME TUMORS
11
Livestock production MILK
In the last 20 years the population sufferng food
allergies became the double (from 5 to 10) in
the developed countries, the children and the
babies are the most affected (the interest about
food allergy have started in the 1970)
(www.italiasalute.it)

• The main foods, that frequently cause
  allergy, are
• egg (albumin), peanut, walnut,hazelnut,
  fish,shellfish, cow milk, chocolate, fruit
  (strawberry, pineapple, orange, tropical fruit
  ecc), cheese and vegetable (tomate ecc).
• There are two different kinds of allergies
• Food allergy-hypersensibility immediate reaction
  of the immune system, that produces specific
  immunoglobulines E (IgE) to antigens (usually
  protein)
• Food anaphylaxis histamin production, that
  stimulates immune system to produce IgE (Pizzin
  et al., 2003)
• The allergy is different from the food
  intolerance (for example lactose intolerance),
  that is an enzymatic deficit (Pizzin at al, 2003)
•  

12
Livestock production MILK

• The reactions can be very different and
  contemporaneous, like
• - gastrointestinal trouble
• cutaneous reaction
• respiratory problem

13
Livestock production MILK
Cow milk protein allergy is presented in about
2-5 of the children and babies in the developed
countries (Pizzin et al., 2003) The protein, that
caused allergy, are a, ß, k caseins, ß
lactoglobuline, a lactoalbumine and lactoferine
(Teschemacher et al., 1997)
Some patients with cow milk protein allergy can
be also react to other foods, that are used, like
substitutes of cow milk (food polyallergies)
(Goel K. et al. 1978, Hill D. J. et al. 1995)
14
Livestock production MILK
Start point There were observations about the
similarity of donkey milk with respect to human
milk. In some regions of Italy the use of donkey
milk to feed the babies is not new (in Sicily
until the end of the Second War), like in Germany
too (Wagner, 1908, da Oftedal e Jenness, 1988).
The economical, social changes and the industrial
progress have caused an increase in the use of
milk substitutes

Since 1990 in Italy some doctors have started
research using donkey milk on children with
strong food allergies. In the 1992 Iacono et al.
showed good results with the use of the donkey
milk in multiple food allergies. These results
were confirmed by other studies, Carroccio et al.
(2000)
15
Milk composition () of different species and
Energy (KJ/kg) (Polidori 1994)
Species Water Total solids Fat Protein Casein Lactose Ash Energy KJ/kg

Cow 87.62 12.38 3.46 3.43 2.50 4.71 0.78 2983
Sheep 80.48 19.52 7.50 6.17 4.50 4.89 0.92 5289
Goat 86.77 13.23 4.62 3.41 3.10 4.47 0.73 3399
Cow buffalo 82.2 17.8 7.50 4.80 3.84 4.70 0.80 4846
Donkey 91.16 8.84 0.38 1.72 0.38 6.88 0.39 1939
Woman 87.57 12.43 3.38 1.64 0.40 6.69 0.22 2855
Salimei et al., 1999 Salimei et al, 2001
Polidori 1994
16
Average nitrogen composition of the milk in some
species
Sheep Goat Cow Woman donkey Horse
Protein () 95.3 91.3 95.0 88.6 86.0 90
Casein () 78.5 75.6 78.0 30.4 38.0 45
Whey protein () 16.8 15.7 17.0 58.2 48.0 45
(Lisozime, ppm) - trace trace 500 4000 700
Non proteic nitrogen 4.66 8.7 7.13 5 7.43 11.4 14.0 10
17
Some Milk Proteic Fractions
Cow Goat Horse Donkey Woman
ß lactoglobuline ( of total wheyprotein) 64 56 60 30 No
a lactoalbumine ( of total wheyprotein) 28 47 2-15 22 High
as casein ( of casein) 45 0 5(as1) 12,6(as2) Yes Yes no
K casein ( of casein) 12 8.1 ? ?
? casein ( of casein) 2.5 3.9 Yes Yes
ß casein ( of casein) 30-35 75 Yes Yes
Jenness, 1980 Doreau et Boulot, 1989
Buscemi, 2000Ambruzzi, 2003
18
Chemical qualitymilk acidic composition
(Chiofalo,2001)
Sheep Goat Cow Woman Donkey
Short chain FA
C 40 butirrico 3,63 3,00 3,32 - 0,02
C 60 capronico 2,26 2,00 2,34 - 0,07
C 80 caprilico 2,95 3,00 1,19 - 2,23
C 100 caprinico 6,66 9,00 2,81 1,82 6,20
Medium chain FA
C 120 laurico 3,74 5,00 3,39 6,82 6,47
C 140 miristico 9,78 11,00 11,41 8,37 6,29
C 160 palmitico 22,49 26,00 29,53 24,80 22,75
C 161 palmitoleico 2,61 - 3,38 3,4 5,19
Long chain FA
C 180 stearico 10,83 6,00 9,84 5,62 3,51
C 181 oleico 25,19 20,00 27,39 32,84 20,17
C 182 linoleico 4,17 3,10 2,00 13,92 11,98
C 183 linolenico 2,62 1,00 1,10 0,95 10,06
Rapporto Ins/Sat 0,47 0,45 0,55 1,10 1,02
19
Acidic composition of the donkey milk
fat (Chiofalo 2001)
Average value
Total saturated 67.58
volatile, soluble saturated 0.91
Total Monoinsatured 15.82
Total Polinsatured 16.60
Polynsatured ?3 7.45
Polynsatured ? 6 8.65
Polynsatured ? 3/ ? 6 0.86

20
Mineral composition of donkey milk compared to
the milk of other species and substitute milk
(Salimei et al., 2000).
                   
21
PROBLEM IN ITALY SALES LIMITATION

• The donkey milk is not present in the DPR 54/97

The sale can be only direct (from the farmer to
the consumer) through autorization from the ASL
(local sanitary agency)
Regio Decreto 9th May 1929 n 994
22
Moreover the increase of the interest about
donkey milk from Sicilian farmer
VETERINARY INSPECTORATE
TECHNICAL AND SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE
23
TECHNICAL AND SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE

• to study every physiological aspects of donkey
  and to establish the roles and the strategies for
  the milk production and marketing

24
TECHNICAL AND SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE

• Assessorato Agricoltura e Foreste Servizio
  Zootecnica
• SOAT n. 37 di Ragusa
• Associazione Regionale Allevatori di Palermo
• Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della
  Sicilia
• Istituto Sperimentale Zootecnico per la Sicilia
• Dipartimento SENFIMIZO dellUniversità degli
  Studi di Palermo
• Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria
  Sezione di Ispezione
• degli alimenti di origine animale e
  Dipartimento MO.BI.FI.PA.
• Sezione Zootecnia dellUniversità di Messina

25
Objectives of TECHNICAL AND SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE

• to establish
• the nutritional (chemical, physical) and hygienic
  parameters of donkey milk (Istituto
  Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia,
  Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria
  Sezione di Ispezione degli alimenti di origine
  animale, dipartimento SENFIMIZO dellUniversità
  degli Studi di Palermo Istituto Sperimentale
  Zootecnico per la Sicilia, Dipartimento
  MO.BI.FI.PA. Sezione Zootecnia dellUniversità di
  Messina)
• Marketing policies (Assessorato Agricoltura e
  Foreste Servizio Zootecnica, SOAT n. 37 di
  Ragusa, Associazione Regionale Allevatori di
  Palermo)
• Animal health controls and sanitary policy
  (Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della
  Sicilia, Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica
  Veterinaria Sezione di Ispezione degli alimenti
  di origine animale)
• Economical management systems (dipartimento
  SENFIMIZO dellUniversità degli Studi di Palermo
  Istituto Sperimentale Zootecnico per la Sicilia,
  Dipartimento MO.BI.FI.PA. Sezione Zootecnia
  dellUniversità di Messina)

Can the donkey milk need to be considerated a
healthy food and used for particular medical
problems?
26
Research project between the University of
Palermo (Sen. Fi. Mi. Zo department) and the
Istituto Sperimentale Zootecnico per la Sicilia

• to evaluate the value of the local donkey
  population
• to study and to optimize management systems for
  these alternative livestock productions, which
  can be economically viable

To improve the sector of donkey milk
27
First study
A study of the quantitative and qualitative
characteristics of milk yield for an entire
lactation period in regard to some factors, that
influence the production
28
Materials and methods
Farm
ASILAT - Milo (Catania-Sicily)
550 m a.s.l.
Situated at
29
Materiali e Metodi
Materials and methods
30
Materiali e Metodi
Materials and methods
Raising in a spacious paddock, bordering with
milking area
Management system
31
Materiali e Metodi
Materials and methods
Milking

• adapted machine-milked for sheep

Management system

• From the 28th day after foaling, the donkeys are
  machine-milked twice a day (at 12 and 5 p.m.),
  and the foals are moved from the donkey at 7 a.m.
  After the 2nd milking the foals stay with the
  donkey for about 13 hours (from 6pm to 7 a.m.)

32
Materiali e Metodi
Materials and methods
Milking Donkey feeding
Hay vetch and oats (SS 91,3, FW 35,4, PG
8,6) 5 kg/donkey/day
Management system
Concentrate 50 fine bran 50 mixture of
corn, barley, broad bean and carob crushed (SS
89,0, FG 6,5, PG 15,2) 5 kg/donkey/day
33
Materiali e Metodi
Materials and methods
For 18 months milk amount of each donkey was
recorded every 3 weeks, twice a day, and
individual and mass samples were collected and
analyzed
Quantitative parameters
Individual samples were analyzed for
pH, SH, fat, protein, casein, non protein
nitrogen, whey protein, lactose and the somatic
cell count
Qualitative parameters
Mass samples were analyzed for
total bacterial charge and specific bacterial
examination
34
Results
the donkey, in our latitudes, is not seasonal
polyestrous
lt latitudes in the South of the Italy
lt photoperiod gap
35
Materials and methods
Statistical analysis ANOVA

• Yijk ? Si Aj ?ijk
• Where
• Yijk dependent variable
• mean
• Si phases of lactation (con i 1..8)
• Aj production season (con j 1..4)
• ?ijk residual error.
• Student t test.

Phase of lactation (day from foaling)
1 30-60 2 61-90 391-120
4121-150 5151-180 6181-240
7241-300 8 gt300
Season of production fall winter spring summer
36
Results
Milk productive parameters in respect to the
season of foaling (averageES)
Season of foaling Season of foaling Season of foaling Season of foaling Season of foaling P P
Parameter Fall Winter Spring Summer Total SP SL
Subject n 9 4 6 5 24
Milk kg 44758 60089 39269 51769 48936 -
Length of lactation d 30118 29632 27722 29025 29512 -
Milk kg/d 1,40,1Aa 2,00,2Bb 1,50,1ABa 1,70,1ABba 1,70,1
Fat 0,520,1 0,380,2 0,280,2 0,580,2 0,440,1
Protein 1,80,03a 2,00,05b 1,80,04a 1,90,04b 1,90,02
Casein 0,850,06 0,930,03 0,910,02 0,870,02 0,880,12
NPN/NT 14,70,9AB 13,20,4A 15,10,4B 14,90,2B 14,61,8
Lactose 6,30,1a 6,60,2b 6,20,2a 6,60,2b 6,40,1
SCS (1) 3,90,1 3,70,1 3,90,1 3,90,1 3,90,4
P significant SP season of foaling SL
phase of lactation (1) log10 n1000/ml) P0,0
5 P0,01 P0,001 A, BP0,01 a,b,
P0,05
Alabiso et al., 2005
37
Results
Milk productive parameters in respect to the
season of foaling (averageES)
Season of foaling Season of foaling Season of foaling Season of foaling Season of foaling P P
Parameter Fall Winter Spring Summer Total SP SL
Subject n 9 4 6 5 24
Milk kg 44758 39269 48936 -
Length of lactation d 30118 29632 27722 29025 29512 -
Milk kg/d 1,40,1Aa 2,00,2Bb 1,50,1ABa 1,70,1ABba 1,70,1
Fat 0,520,1 0,380,2 0,280,2 0,580,2 0,440,1
Protein 1,80,03a 2,00,05b 1,80,04a 1,90,04b 1,90,02
Casein 0,850,06 0,930,03 0,910,02 0,870,02 0,880,12
NPN/NT 14,70,9AB 13,20,4A 15,10,4B 14,90,2B 14,61,8
Lactose 6,30,1a 6,60,2b 6,20,2a 6,60,2b 6,40,1
SCS (1) 3,90,1 3,70,1 3,90,1 3,90,1 3,90,4
60089
51769
P significant SP season of foaling SL
phase of lactation (1) log10 n1000/ml) P0,0
5 P0,01 P0,001 A, BP0,01 a,b,
P0,05
Alabiso et al., 2005
38
Results
Milk productive parameters in respect to the
season of foaling (averageES)
Season of foaling Season of foaling Season of foaling Season of foaling Season of foaling P P
Parameter Fall Winter Spring Summer Total SP SL
Subject n 9 4 6 5 24
Milk kg 44758 39269 48936 -
Length of lactation d 30118 29632 27722 29025 29512 -
Milk kg/d 1,40,1Aa 2,00,2Bb 1,50,1ABa 1,70,1ABba 1,70,1
Fat 0,520,1 0,380,2 0,280,2 0,580,2 0,440,1
Protein 1,80,03a 2,00,05b 1,80,04a 1,90,04b 1,90,02
Casein 0,850,06 0,930,03 0,910,02 0,870,02 0,880,12
NPN/NT 14,70,9AB 13,20,4A 15,10,4B 14,90,2B 14,61,8
Lactose 6,30,1a 6,60,2b 6,20,2a 6,60,2b 6,40,1
SCS (1) 3,90,1 3,70,1 3,90,1 3,90,1 3,90,4
60089
51769
P significant SP season of foaling SL
phase of lactation (1) log10 n1000/ml) P0,0
5 P0,01 P0,001 A, BP0,01 a,b,
P0,05
Alabiso et al., 2005
39
Results
Milk productive parameters in respect to the
season of foaling (averageES)
Season of foaling Season of foaling Season of foaling Season of foaling Season of foaling P P
Parameter Fall Winter Spring Summer Total SP SL
Subject n 9 4 6 5 24
Milk kg 44758 39269 -
Length of lactation d 30118 29632 27722 29025 -
Milk kg/d 1,40,1Aa 2,00,2Bb 1,50,1ABa 1,70,1ABba 1,70,1
Fat 0,520,1 0,380,2 0,280,2 0,580,2 0,440,1
Protein 1,80,03a 2,00,05b 1,80,04a 1,90,04b 1,90,02
Casein 0,850,06 0,930,03 0,910,02 0,870,02 0,880,12
NPN/NT 14,70,9AB 13,20,4A 15,10,4B 14,90,2B 14,61,8
Lactose 6,30,1a 6,60,2b 6,20,2a 6,60,2b 6,40,1
SCS (1) 3,90,1 3,70,1 3,90,1 3,90,1 3,90,4
60089
51769
48936 29512
P significant SP season of foaling SL
phase of lactation (1) log10 n1000/ml) P0,0
5 P0,01 P0,001 A, BP0,01 a,b,
P0,05
Alabiso et al., 2005
40
Results
Milk productive parameters in respect to the
season of foaling (averageES)
Season of foaling Season of foaling Season of foaling Season of foaling Season of foaling P P
Parameter Fall Winter Spring Summer Total SP SL
Subject n 9 4 6 5 24
Milk kg 44758 39269 -
Length of lactation d 30118 29632 27722 29025 -
Milk kg/d 1,40,1Aa 2,00,2Bb 1,50,1ABa 1,70,1ABba 1,70,1
Fat 0,520,1 0,380,2 0,280,2 0,580,2 0,440,1
Protein 1,80,03a 2,00,05b 1,80,04a 1,90,04b 1,90,02
Casein 0,850,06 0,930,03 0,910,02 0,870,02 0,880,12
NPN/NT 14,70,9AB 13,20,4A 15,10,4B 14,90,2B 14,61,8
Lactose 6,30,1a 6,60,2b 6,20,2a 6,60,2b 6,40,1
SCS (1) 3,90,1 3,70,1 3,90,1 3,90,1 3,90,4
60089
51769
48936 29512
P significant SP season of foaling SL
phase of lactation (1) log10 n1000/ml) P0,0
5 P0,01 P0,001 A, BP0,01 a,b,
P0,05
Alabiso et al., 2005
41
Results
Milk productive parameters in respect to the
season of foaling (averageES)
Season of foaling Season of foaling Season of foaling Season of foaling Season of foaling P P
Parameter Fall Winter Spring Summer Total SP SL
Subject n 9 4 6 5 24
Milk kg 44758 39269 -
Length of lactation d 30118 29632 27722 29025 -
Milk kg/d 1,40,1Aa 2,00,2Bb 1,50,1ABa 1,70,1ABba 1,70,1
Fat 0,520,1 0,380,2 0,280,2 0,580,2 0,440,1
Protein 1,80,03a 2,00,05b 1,80,04a 1,90,04b 1,90,02
Casein 0,850,06 0,930,03 0,910,02 0,870,02 0,880,12
NPN/NT 14,70,9AB 13,20,4A 15,10,4B 14,90,2B 14,61,8
Lactose 6,30,1a 6,60,2b 6,20,2a 6,60,2b 6,40,1
SCS (1) 3,90,1 3,70,1 3,90,1 3,90,1 3,90,4
60089
51769
48936 29512
P significant SP season of foaling SL
phase of lactation (1) log10 n1000/ml) P0,0
5 P0,01 P0,001 A, BP0,01 a,b,
P0,05
Alabiso et al., 2005
42
Results
Milk productive parameters in respect to the
season of foaling (averageES)
Season of foaling Season of foaling Season of foaling Season of foaling Season of foaling P P
Parameter Fall Winter Spring Summer Total SP SL
Subject n 9 4 6 5 24
Milk kg 44758 39269 -
Length of lactation d 30118 29632 27722 29025 -
Milk kg/d 1,40,1Aa 2,00,2Bb 1,50,1ABa 1,70,1ABba 1,70,1
Fat 0,520,1 0,380,2 0,280,2 0,580,2 0,440,1
Protein 1,80,03a 2,00,05b 1,80,04a 1,90,04b 1,90,02
Casein 0,850,06 0,930,03 0,910,02 0,870,02 0,880,12
NPN/NT 14,70,9AB 13,20,4A 15,10,4B 14,90,2B 14,61,8
Lactose 6,30,1a 6,60,2b 6,20,2a 6,60,2b 6,40,1
SCS (1) 3,90,1 3,70,1 3,90,1 3,90,1 3,90,4
60089
51769
48936 29512
P significant SP season of foaling SL
phase of lactation (1) log10 n1000/ml) P0,0
5 P0,01 P0,001 A, BP0,01 a,b,
P0,05
Alabiso et al., 2005
43
Results
Milk productive parameters in respect to the
season of foaling (averageES)
Season of foaling Season of foaling Season of foaling Season of foaling Season of foaling P P
Parameter Fall Winter Spring Summer Total SP SL
Subject n 9 4 6 5 24
Milk kg 44758 39269 -
Length of lactation d 30118 29632 27722 29025 -
Milk kg/d 1,40,1Aa 2,00,2Bb 1,50,1ABa 1,70,1ABba 1,70,1
Fat 0,520,1 0,380,2 0,280,2 0,580,2 0,440,1
Protein 1,80,03a 2,00,05b 1,80,04a 1,90,04b 1,90,02
Casein 0,850,06 0,930,03 0,910,02 0,870,02 0,880,12
NPN/NT 14,70,9AB 13,20,4A 15,10,4B 14,90,2B 14,61,8
Lactose 6,30,1a 6,60,2b 6,20,2a 6,60,2b 6,40,1
SCS (1) 3,90,1 3,70,1 3,90,1 3,90,1 3,90,4
60089
51769
48936 29512
P significant SP season of foaling SL
phase of lactation (1) log10 n1000/ml) P0,0
5 P0,01 P0,001 A, BP0,01 a,b,
P0,05
Alabiso et al., 2005
44
Results
Milk productive parameters in respect to the
season of foaling (averageES)
Season of foaling Season of foaling Season of foaling Season of foaling Season of foaling P P
Parameter Fall Winter Spring Summer Total SP SL
Subject n 9 4 6 5 24
Milk kg 44758 39269 -
Length of lactation d 30118 29632 27722 29025 -
Milk kg/d 1,40,1Aa 2,00,2Bb 1,50,1ABa 1,70,1ABba 1,70,1
Fat 0,520,1 0,380,2 0,280,2 0,580,2 0,440,1
Protein 1,80,03a 2,00,05b 1,80,04a 1,90,04b 1,90,02
Casein 0,850,06 0,930,03 0,910,02 0,870,02 0,880,12
NPN/NT 14,70,9AB 13,20,4A 15,10,4B 14,90,2B 14,61,8
Lactose 6,30,1a 6,60,2b 6,20,2a 6,60,2b 6,40,1
SCS (1) 3,90,1 3,70,1 3,90,1 3,90,1 3,90,4
60089
51769
48936 29512
P significant SP season of foaling SL
phase of lactation (1) log10 n1000/ml) P0,0
5 P0,01 P0,001 A, BP0,01 a,b,
P0,05
Alabiso et al., 2005
45
Results
Milk productive parameters in respect to the
season of foaling (averageES)
Season of foaling Season of foaling Season of foaling Season of foaling Season of foaling P P
Parameter Fall Winter Spring Summer Total SP SL
Subject n 9 4 6 5 24
Milk kg 44758 39269 -
Length of lactation d 30118 29632 27722 29025 -
Milk kg/d 1,40,1Aa 2,00,2Bb 1,50,1ABa 1,70,1ABba 1,70,1
Fat 0,520,1 0,380,2 0,280,2 0,580,2 0,440,1
Protein 1,80,03a 2,00,05b 1,80,04a 1,90,04b 1,90,02
Casein 0,850,06 0,930,03 0,910,02 0,870,02 0,880,12
NPN/NT 14,70,9AB 13,20,4A 15,10,4B 14,90,2B 14,61,8
Lactose 6,30,1a 6,60,2b 6,20,2a 6,60,2b 6,40,1
SCS (1) 3,90,1 3,70,1 3,90,1 3,90,1 3,90,4
60089
51769
48936 29512
P significant SP season of foaling SL
phase of lactation (1) log10 n1000/ml) P0,0
5 P0,01 P0,001 A, BP0,01 a,b,
P0,05
Alabiso et al., 2005
46
Results
Milk productive parameters in respect to the
season of foaling (averageES)
Season of foaling Season of foaling Season of foaling Season of foaling Season of foaling P P
Parameter Fall Winter Spring Summer Total SP SL
Subject n 9 4 6 5 24
Milk kg 44758 39269 -
Length of lactation d 30118 29632 27722 29025 -
Milk kg/d 1,40,1Aa 2,00,2Bb 1,50,1ABa 1,70,1ABba 1,70,1
Fat 0,520,1 0,380,2 0,280,2 0,580,2 0,440,1
Protein 1,80,03a 2,00,05b 1,80,04a 1,90,04b 1,90,02
Casein 0,850,06 0,930,03 0,910,02 0,870,02 0,880,12
NPN/NT 14,70,9AB 13,20,4A 15,10,4B 14,90,2B 14,61,8
Lactose 6,30,1a 6,60,2b 6,20,2a 6,60,2b 6,40,1
SCS (1) 3,90,1 3,70,1 3,90,1 3,90,1 3,90,4
60089
51769
48936 29512
P significant SP season of foaling SL
phase of lactation (1) log10 n1000/ml) P0,0
5 P0,01 P0,001 A, BP0,01 a,b,
P0,05
Alabiso et al., 2005
47
ResultsMean variations of milk yield, fat,
protein and lactose , comparing 1st and 2nd
milking production
Milk
Fat
1,00
0,17
Protein
Lactose
6,66
2,15
1,78
Alabiso et al., 2005
48
Results
Alabiso et al., 2005
49
Average ds
1st 0.72 0.36
2nd 0.79 0.37
Total 1.51 0.58
Milk
Fat
Average ds
1st 0.26 0.30
2d 0.45 0.55
Total 0.36 0.39
50
Protein
Average ds
1st 1.85 0.25
2nd 1.81 0.25
Total 1.83 0.24
Average ds
1st 6.44 0.71
2nd 6.38 0.73
Total 6.41 0.70
Lactose
51
Total bacterical charge
DPR 54/97 lt 100,000 n/ml for cow milk
Average Ds
90.81 31.07
Average log10 n1000/ml) ds
1st 13.22 19.79
2nd 13.77 27.28
Total 12.93 19.56
Somatic cell
DPR 54/97 lt 400,000 n/ml for cow milk
Class (Log10 n1000 ml)
52
Materials and methods
Statistical analysis ANOVA
Yijk ? Si Aj ?ijk Where Yijk dependent
variable mean Si phases of lactation (con
i 1..4) Aj production season (con j 1..4)
?ijk residual error. Student t test.
Phase of lactation (day from foaling)
1 30-90 2 91-150 3151-240
4gt 240
Season of production fall winter spring summer
53
Results Mean variations of milk yield and
chemical composition considering the season of
foaling
Fat
Milk yield
Lactose
Protein
Giosuè et al., 2005
54
Results
Results mean values of milk yield and chemical
composition considering the season of production
Milk yield (kg/day) Fat () Protein () Lactose () Somatic cell (n1000/ml)
Season of production Fall 1.41A 0.38ab 1.78Ab 6.34BCb 9.21A
Season of production Winter 1.47A 0.50a 1.92Ba 6.50ABab 24.60B
Season of production Spring 1.85B 0.39ab 1.93Ba 6.65Aa 5.35A
Season of production Summer 1.44A 0.23b 1.81ABb 6.05Cc 24.05B
A, BP0,01 a,b, P0,05
Giosuè et al., 2005
55
Problem donkey milk preservation
RAW MILK
Refrigerated, T 4 C
Frozen, T -18 C
Donkey milk keeps good quality for 2 weeks
Donkey milk keeps good quality for longer time
(study in progress)
During thawing out the temperature must be lt
70C,avoiding whey protein alteration
(precipitation)
Freeze-dry? Filtration?
Pasteurization problem
56
Conclusion 1

• Over a period of 29512 d, total milk
  production was 490 36 kg

• The 2nd milking showed higher production between
  30 and 120-150 days from foaling

• Over the lactation milk yield decreased
  constantly, and the percentage of fat and protein
  decreased too
• The lactose percentage increased until 180 day
  from foaling, similar to the horse

• There is variability on the quantitative and
  qualitative milk parameters

57
Trials in progress
Conclusion 2

• The length and the characteristics of lactation
  (describe the lactation curve?)
• The daily milk production measurament
• a. The economical daily milking number and
  milking intervals, considering the udder
  physiology, that needs other study
• (the tank is small)
• b. The appropiate feeding system, considering
  milk donkey requirements

In the donkey papillar duct Ø 4-5mm milk tank
capacity15 ml
58
Trials in progress
Conclusion 3

• to define a correct stud plan, to produce milk
  during all the year
• To Standardize the method for donkey milking
  control, continuing the Milkoscan calibration
  with donkey milk parameters and their range
• How to use economically the donkey meat

To find profitable management pratices to
increase the donkey milk impact on the livestock
production systems in Italy, The use of donkey
for milk production could become an important
alternative economic resource
59
Trials in progress MILK
To compare different diets with different energy
content (oil)

• ASILAT

AZIENDA LEGGIO
To compare different diets with different
protein content
ISTITUTO ZOOTECNICO DELLA SICILIA
To estimate the daily milk production
60
Trials in progress MEAT

Production of donkey salami, adding a
percentage of fat from Suino Nero dei Nebrodi
pig e Nero dAvola wine
61
Thank you!