From Handloom Artisan to Factory Worker with Social Unrest Along the Way

1
From Handloom Artisan to Factory Worker with
Social Unrest Along the Way

• An Overview of the Development of Weaving
  Technology and Its Impact

2
Upper Palaeolithic Old Stone Age

• String is developed by twisting plant fibers
  together ca. 20,000 30,000 years ago
• Knotting and Finger Weaving appears to begin in
  the Old Stone Age

3
Neolithic Era

• Simple Weaving Looms
• Warp Vertical Threads
• Weft Horizontal Threads
• Horizontal Ground Loom
• Warp Weighted Loom
• Households began to produce their own cloth
  remains a family oriented activity up into the
  Middle Ages

4
Distaff and Spindle
5
Whorl Spindle
6
Phoenician Whorls

• Stone Sandstone, Soapstone
• One-inch or so in diameter
• Dowel about 6-inches long
• Hook in one end of dowel

7
High and Low Whorls
8
Shang Period in China (1766-1122 BC)

• Development of the Treadle and Frame Loom
• Precursor to the European Loom
• To Understand How a Simple Loom Can Produce
  Complex Patterns http//www.marlamallett.com/lo
  om.htm

9
Warp and Weft

• Romans bring the handloom to England
• Weaving is the interlacing of one set of threads
  (warp) with another set of threads (weft)
• Warp threads are stretched lengthwise
• Weft threads are woven into the warp by passing a
  shuttle through the warp

10
Spinning Wheel

• Introduced into Europe from China possibly by the
  13th century
• No Models from this Period Exist but Depicted in
  Illuminated Manuscripts

11

• Flag of the Provisional Government of India
• Charkha Spinning Wheel

12
Details of the Spinning Wheel
13
Middle Ages

• Clever Changes Introduced into the Simple Frame
  and Shed Looms
• Complicated Patterns Developed by 11th Century
• Weaving is a Family Enterprise that Begins to
  Move into Specialized Workplaces

14
Draw Loom Man and Son1400
15
Guild Structure

• Not Workers Associations but Associations to
  Protect Early Capitalist
• Florence (14th Century)
• Production of Cloth Involved 26 Specialists
• Bought Raw Materials and Provided to Weavers at
  Exorbitant Prices (Advances)
• Workers Had No Rights and Were Kept in Debt

16
The Guild

• Guild Master Owned the Workshop
• Guild Master was the Master Weaver
• Took on Apprentices
• Hired Journeymen Weavers
• Guild Controlled
• Quality of the Product
• Limited the Number of Weavers
• Set the Prices

17
Social Unrest

• Roots
• Loss of Ability to Provide for the Family
• Technology Can and Often Does Displace Jobs
• Unequal Rights

18
Early Examples of Social Unrest

• Thirteen Century Water Mill Cloth Fulling
  Operation Replaces Men
• Manor Owners Require Tenants to Bring Cloth to
  the Manor Mill for Fulling

19
Manor and Fulling Mill
20
Fulling Mill Over River
21
Early Examples of Social Unrest

• 1274 Abbot Roger of Saint Albans
• Requires Cloth to be Fulled and Corn to be Milled
  at the Manor
• Confiscated Cloth
• 1326 Abbot Richard of Saint Albans
• Ceased Tenant Millstones and Paves His Courtyard
• 1381 Wat Tyler Revolt

22
A Home Spun Industry

• Family raised the sheep
• Children carded the fiber
• Mother spun the fiber into thread
• Father wove the thread into cloth using a treadle
  loom

23
Blackstrap Loom
24
Treadle Loom
25
John Kay (1704-1764)

• Son of a Wool Manufacturer
• 1733 Patents the Flying Shuttle
• No Longer Passed Weft Thread by Hand
• On Man Could Do the Work of Two Men
• 1753 Angry Crowd Wreaked Kays House and
  Destroyed His Flying Shuttle Loom

26
The Impact of the Flying Shuttle

• Textile Industry Adopted the Use of the Flying
  Shuttle
• Textile Association Refused to Pay Royalties to
  Kay
• Kay Loses All His Money in Lawsuits
• Dies Poor in France

27
Treadle Spinning Wheel

• Wheel is powered by the foot
• Still has a distaff to hold the fiber material
• The flyer whorl and bobbin replace the simple
  whorl

28
The Flyer Whorl and Bobbin

• Rotation of the Flyer Whorl imparts the twist
  when the Bobbin and Whorl rotate together
• Holding the Bobbin still allows the Flyer to wind
  the thread on the Bobbin

29
The Unsung Thomas Highs
30
The Unsung Thomas Highs

• Thomas Highs or Heyes (1718-)
• Talented Reed Maker
• John Kays Flying Shuttle gave birth to a
  spiraling need for thread
• 50,000 handwheel spinners in Lancashire alone
• High joins forces with Kay, a clock maker and his
  neighbor
• High appears to have built the first vertical
  Jenny according to Thomas Leathers, another
  neighbor

31
The Unsung Thomas Highs

• The earlier Jennies spun only Linen, six threads
  at a time, from the Flax plant
• High build Jennies for cash payment
• High appears to have handed over the Jenny to
  Hargraves and Kay
• High works on developing rollers

32
The Unsung Thomas Highs

• High/Kay develops the first primitive water frame
  using drafting rollers
• Two sets of gripping rollers rotating at
  different speeds were used to stretch the fibers
  before the twisting occurred (5X)
• Kay makes a metal version

33
James Hargraves (1728-1778)
34
Richard Arkwright (1732-1792)

• Born the 13th child to a poor family
• Apprenticed to a Barber and Became a Wig-Maker
• Meets Kay and Convinces Him to Work for Him
• 1771 Installs a Water Powered Spinning Jenny
  that Produces 128 Very Good, Strong Threads at a
  Time

35
Water Frame (1771)

• Energy Provided by Water
• No Skilled Operator Needed
• Arkwrights Mill is Destroyed by a Mob in 1768
• 1775 Arkwright Patents a Water Powered Carding
  Machine
• Built Cottages to Rent to Workers from Throughout
  Derbyshire
• Children as Young as 6 Years of Age Worked from 6
  AM to 7 PM
• 2/3 of the Workers Were Children and the Rest
  Were Women

36
Akwrights Fortunes

• Creates the Modern Factory System
• Treated Workers Well by the Standard of the Day
• Expands North to Scotland
• Knighted and Names High Sherrif of Derbyshire
• Died on August 3, 1792 with an estimated personal
  fortune of 500,000

37
Samuel Crompton of Bolton

• Combines the spinning jenny, the water frame, and
  drafting roller concept to created what came
  known as a Mule, sometime between 1772-1779

38
19th Century Factory
39
Eli Whitney (1765-1817)

• Born to a Farming Family in Massachusetts
• Could Fix Watches and Built a Violin as a Child
• After the Revolutionary War Started a Nail Forge
  at His Fathers Farm (14 Years of Age)
• Attended Yale and Graduated in 1792

40
Eli Whitney

• Took a Teaching Job in South Carolina
• Moved to Katherine Greenes Plantation (1793)
• The Problem of Green Seed Cotton
• Observed the Manual Process of De-Seeding Cotton
• Built a Mechanical Engine for De-Seeding Cotton

41
The Cotton Gin

• having invented a Machine for the Purpose of
  ginning Cotton,
• ..it is entirely new ..
• ..if powered by water or horses, two persons will
  clean as much cotton in one Day, as a Hundred
  persons could cleane in the same time
• Cotton which is cleansed in (t)his Ginn contains
  fewer broken seeds and impurties
• Letter to Tho. Jefferson 20th June 1793

42
Jefferson to WhitneyNovember 16, 1793

• As the state of Virginia, of which I am, carries
  on household
• manufactures of cotton to a great extent, as I
  also do myself,
• and one of our great embarrassments is the
  clearing the cotton
• of the seed, I feel a considerable interest in
  the success of your
• invention for family use. Permit me therefore to
  ask informa-
• tion from you on these points. Has the machine
  been thoroughly
• tried in the ginning of cotton, or is it as yet
  but a machine of
• theory? What quantity of cotton has it cleaned on
  average of
• several days, worked by had, by how many
  hands? What
• will be the cost of one of them made to be worked
  by hand?
• Favorable answers to these questions would induce
  me to
• engage one of them to be forwarded to Richmond
  for me....

43
The Cotton Gin Patent

• Issued in March 1794
• Patent Not Upheld in Court Until 1807 with only
  one year left
• South Carolina paid 50,000 and also sold the
  rights to Georgia and Tennessee

44
The Cotton Gin Patent
45
The Cotton Gin Patent

• Two Men Could Gin 50 Pounds of Cotton a Day
• What was agriculture like in the South before and
  after the Cotton Gin?
• What was the impact on the economy of the South?
• What was the impact on the workforce?
• Who was the primary customer for American cotton?

46
Whitney to Fulton

• I have always believed that I should have had no
  difficulty in causing my right to be respected,
  if it had be less valuable, and ben used only by
  a small portion of the community.

47
Eli Whitney and Manufacturing

• Invents a New Way to Manufacture Muskets in 1798
• Designed Products with Interchangeable Parts
  (known as the American System as Opposed to the
  English System)
• Invents a Milling Machine
• Uses Unskilled Labor to Produce Products
• Never Patents Any Further Inventions

48
Eli Terry (1772-1833)

• Built Wooden Clocks Starting at Age Fourteen
• Sold Door to Door
• Clockwork Costs 20 and Case about 20
• Learned About Whitneys Interchangeable Part
  Approach (1800) when He was Twenty-One

49
Eli Terry

• Designs a Circular Saw and Other Machines for
  Cutting Wooden Clock Gears
• Provided 4,000 Clock Movements to the Waterbury
  Salesmen for 4 each
• Soon Was Producing 10-12,000 Clocks per Year
• Began to Use Brass and soon Five Family Members
  were Operating Three Terry Firms

50
Hand Weaving
51
Hand Weaver
52
Carding or Scribbling
53
Water Frame (1771)

• Energy Provided by Water
• No Skilled Operator Needed
• Arkwrights Mill is Destroyed by a Mob in 1768
• 1775 Arkwright Patents a Water Powered Carding
  Machine
• Built Cottages to Rent to Workers from Throughout
  Derbyshire
• Children as Young as 6 Years of Age Worked from 6
  AM to 7 PM
• 2/3 of the Workers Were Children and the Rest
  Were Women

54
Leeds Woolen Mill Petition (1786)

• One hundred and seventy scribbling machines
  within and seventeen miles south of Leeds
• 8000 men unemployed

55
Letter from Cloth Merchants (1791)

• The Scribbling Mill, Spinning Frame and the Fly
  Shuttle have reduced labor cost by at least
  one-third
• has at its aim the advantage of the Kingdom in
  general

56
The Chess Playing Automaton The Turk

• 1770 Created by Wolfgang von Kempelen for the
  Court of the Austrian Empress Maria Theresa
• 4 feet by 2 feet deep by 3 feet high
• Powered by a Spring

57
The Chess Playing Automaton The Turk

• Toured Russia and France
• Played against Benjamin Franklin
• 1785 Paris publication states the automaton is
  operated by a dwarf
• 1805 Johann Maelzel bought the Turk from
  Kempelen
• 1819-1836 Tours in the US
• 1836 Edgar Allan Poe wrote an Article on How
  the Turk Works

58
The Chess Playing Automaton
59
Edmund Carwright (1743-1823)

• Clergyman
• Fascinated by a Chess Playing Automaton
• Patented (1785, 1787) Automated Weaving Machines
• Built a Bull-Powered Weaving Shed (20 Looms) in
  1787

60
Edmund Carwright (1743-1823)

• Converted to Steam Power in 1789
• In 1790 the Hand Loom Weaver was King
• Fancy Boots
• 5-Pound Note in Hat Band

61
Cartwright-Grimshaw

• Sells machines to Grimshaw in 1790 who adds 580
  more looms
• Hand Loom Workers were Wealthy in 1790
• Wore Fancy Boots and 5-Pound Notes in Their Hat
  Bans
• Workers torched the Grimshaw Factory in 1792

62
Hand Weaving Goes Not Gently Into Demise

• Hand Looms Power Looms
• 1812 200,000 14,150
• 1820 240,000
• 1829 225,000 60,000
• 1833 213,000 100,000
• 1845 60,000 250,000
• 1861 400,000

63
Great Britain in 1800

• King George III Rules from 1760 -1821
• Known to be Mentally Ill from 1778 Forward
• Son Serves a Ruling Regent from 1810-21
• King Appoints Prime Minister and Other Key
  Ministers
• Veto on Laws Over Parliament
• Population approximately 15 million
• Some 435,000 had the right to vote
• Over 21
• No Women Allowed to Vote
• No Secret Ballot
• No Government Supported Education
• Education Only for Nobles, Wealthy and Upper
  Middle Class

64
Great Britain in 1800

• Economy Primarily Agriculture
• Limited Workshops
• Major Landowners Were Annexing Land from 1770
  Forward
• Rapid Population Growth Following Napoleonic Wars
• Periodic Food Shortages, Recessions

65
Sir Robert Peel, Prime Minister A Prime Offender

• Many Influential Men Exploited Children in the
  Mills
• A Conspiracy Between Government and the Emerging
  Industrialist
• Employed Children as Young as 4 or 5 Working 15
  Hour Days Until the Factory Act of 1819

66
Mills and Looms

• Manchester, England
• 1818 14 weaving mills with 2,000 looms
• 1821 32 weaving mills with 5,732 looms
• 1823 In Excess of 10,000 looms
• Within 30 Years the Home Weaver as a Vocation
  Ended

67
Workhouse

• A Family in Poverty Would be Placed in a
  Workhouse
• Fed at Most Two Meals a Day
• All Adults and Children Over 9 Required to Work
• If a Father Died, It Was Almost Automatic that
  the Family Would Be Sent to the Workhouse
• Elements of this System Existed Until 1929

68
Children in the Mills
69
Increasing Tensions
70
Mills Move Toward Nottingham

• Nottingham 1811 Large Textile Riots Take Place
• General Nedd Ludd and His Army of Redressers
• Wage reduction for 11 years
• Socking Mills Target
• 200 Frames Destroyed

71
Reward for Luddites

• Prince Regent Posts Reward Posters for Frame
  Breakers

72
Frame Act of 1812

• Parliament Makes Frame Breaking a Capital Offense
• Send 12,000 Troops to Join the 400 Constables to
  Protect Factories
• 12 Arrested and Executed
• 13 Transported
• June 1812 Troops Increased to 30,000 in the
  Manchester Area

73
Blankteers March 1817

• Plan to March to London to Present a Petition to
  the Prince Regent
• St. Peters Field Organizing Point
• Some 10,000 were at St. Peters Field to See the
  Marchers Off in a Picnic Atmosphere
• Kings Dragoon Guards had Arrested the Leadership
  (28) the Evening Before
• Manchester and Salford Yeoman Attack
• 1st Regiment of Hussars Attack

74
Peterloo August 1819

• Massacre of Women and Children
• Eleven Dead, 400 Wounded
• Several Hundred Arrested
• Thomas Chadwick (Mill Owner)
• An inhuman outrage committed on a unarmed,
  peaceful assembly
• Percy Shelly Writes a Famous Poem of Peterloo

75
1819 Factory Act Backed by Robert Peel

• Children Under the Age of 9 Not Allowed to Work
  in Factories
• A Child Between 9 and 16 Could Work Only 12 Hours
  Each Day, Seven Day Week

76
Machine Threshing in 1820 - 1830
77
Low Wages No Jobs RIOTS

• Pets treated better than laboring people
• August 1830 in Kent Farmers Receive Letter from
  Captain Swing
• Threshing Machines, Barns and Homes are Burned
• One Shot, 19 Executed, 500 Transported, and 600
  Imprisioned

78
Farmers Wages in 1830

• Wages --- 9 to 10 Shillings per Week
• Expenses
• Rent 1 sh 2 pence
• Food 10 sh 13 pence
• Coal and Wood 9 pence
• Soap, Candles 9 Pence
• Total 13 sh 9 pence

79
Captain Swing

• Farm Workers were distressed with low wages in
  the 1830
• The introduction of horse-powered threshing
  increased the unrest and gave rise to the Captain
  Swing Movement

80
Machine Breaking Riots of 1826

• Upwards of 7,000 Men Out of Work
• Blackburn Weavers Union Request Home Secretary
  to Control Wages After 11 Years of Wage
  Reductions
• No Government Action Taken
• 1,000 Men and Women Start a March on Mills in
  April 1826

81
Machine Breaking Riots of 1826

• Rampaging Crowd Grows to 3,000
• Over 3 4 Days a Total of 1,139 Looms Are
  Destroyed
• Military Takes Action
• Large Number of Arrest
• 35 Men and 6 Women Sentenced to Hang
• Commuted to Life Transportation
• Government Pays Mill Owners 16,000 Pounds

82
Great Reform Act of 1832

• Government Takes Action to Reform
• Ended Rotten and Pocket Boroughs
• Extended Representation to Towns and Cities not
  Previously Represented in Parliament
• Increased Voting Roles to a Total of 813,000 from
  435,000 Population Now Exceeds 20-million

83
Meanwhile in Europe

• What is happening in Europe?
• France Revolution 1789 1792
• Capital Flees
• Napoleonic Wars
• Fought Solely in Europe
• French Revolution of 1847
• High Unemployment in Paris Government Workshops
• Industrialization Comes Late, Guarded
• Germany Does Not Unify until after 1860
• Lack of Rivers and Roads
• Lack of Railroads

84
What Does England Have?

• Relatively Stable Government
• No Internal Tariffs
• Abundant Rivers
• Quality Roads
• Naval Power
• Merchant Mentality
• Natural Resources (Coal, Iron)

85
Coal and Lignite Output(million metric tons)

• UK France Germany
• 1820-4 17.7 1.1 1.2
• 1840-4 34.2 3.5 4.4
• 1860-4 86.3 10.0 20.8
• 1880-4 158.9 20.2 65.7
• 1900-4 230.4 33.0 157.3

86
Pig Iron Output (Thousand Metric Tons)

• UK France Germany
• 1781-90 69 141 -
• 1825-29 669 212 90
• 1855-59 3583 900 422
• 1875-79 6484 1482 1770
• 1900-14 8778 2665 7925

87
Railways (kilometers)

• 1840 1860 1880 1900
• GB 2390 14603 25060 30079
• Germany 469 11089 33838 51678
• France 496 9167 23089 38109
• Italy 20 2404 9260 16429
• Russia 27 1626 22865 53234

88
Worlds Manufacturing

• 1870 1913
• USA 23.3 35.8
• Germany 13.2 15.7
• UK 31.8 14.0
• France 10.3 6.4
• Russia 3.7 5.5

89
Chartism 1839 - 1848

• The Chartist Movement Demanded
• Universal Male Suffrage (21)
• Annual Parliament
• Secret Ballot
• Abolition of Property Requirement of MPs
• Payment of MPs
• Equal Electoral Representation

90
Chartism 1839 - 1848

• Feargus OConnor Former MP from County Cork
• 1839 Political Union Rally Attracting 300,000
  in Manchester Banner For children and wife,
  we war to the knife.
• Sir Charles Naiper, Observer Consideration
  should be given to considering the Charter in
  Parliament lest pikes are constructed.

91
Charter Convention

• 1839 A Charter Convention (Quasi Parliament)
  is Held to Draft a Formal Petition
• Delegates Could Not Agree on Passive Resistance
  or Open War Fare
• Suffers from a Glut of Leadership (OConnor,
  Levett, et al)
• Parliament Rejects the Petition Out of Hand

92
Chartism 1839 - 1848

• 1839 Some 7,000 Chartist Gather at Newport
  Miners and Iron Workers
• Attacked by Military
• 20 Men Killed
• 50 Men Seriously Wounded
• All Leaders Convicted of High Treason
• To Be Hung, Drawn and Quartered
• Sentence Commuted to Transportation

93
Plug Plot (1842)

• 1841 City of Manchester Dispatches a Cartload
  of Petitions to Queen Victoria
• August 9 Wages of Spinners at Bayleys Mill
  Cut Precipitates a Strike
• The Strike Spread Rapidly as Workers Removed
  Plugs from Steam Engines Making Them Inoperable

94
Plug Plot (1842)

• Thousands of Men on Strike Throughout the
  Midlands Peaceful with No Looting
• John Bright, Manchester Businessman Has the
  revolution commenced? It looks very probably as
  the authorities are powerless.

95
Plug Plot (1842)

• Government Sends 2000 Troops and Six Artillery
  Pieces into Manchester by Railway
• Two Unions Are Involved in a Meeting Endorsing
  the Charter
• By August 20, the Strike Failed Because of the
  Lack of Food

96
The End of Chartism

• Though Not Directly Involved, Chartist Take
  Credit for the Plug Strike
• OConnor Elected to Parliament in 1847
• British Economy Takes a Downturn in 1848
• 1848 A New Petition Drive is Launched
• May 1848 Some 80,000 Gather at Kensington
  Commons Planning to March on Parliament with a
  5-million Signature Petition

97
The End of Chartism

• Thousands of Special Police Called Up
• Stopped the March at Thames
• OConnor Requests the Crowd to Disperse
• Proceeds with Petition in Three Taxi Cabs
• Queen Victoria Departs London for the Isle of
  Wight

98
The End of Chartism

• May 1, 1848 National Assembly (Rump Parliament)
  Meets in Bradford
• Workers Drilled on the Yorkshire Moors
• Mobs March the Streets of London Silently
• The Chartists Talk and Dither and Got No Where
  the Assembly Dissolves
• Chartism is Dead

99
Fredrick Karl Engels

• Son of a Prosperous German Mill Owner
• Sent in 1842 to Oversee Family Investments at a
  Mill in Salford
• By Day He Was a Diligent Businessman
• By Night He Prowled the Slums of Manchester
  Gathering Information

100
Fredrick Karl Engels

• Returns to Germany in 1844 and Publishes in 1845
  His Seminal Book
• The Condition of the Working Class in England
• Participates with Other Reformers in the German
  Uprisings in 1848
• Returns to Manchester in 1850 to Take Charge of
  the Family Businesses

101
Engels and Marx

• Engels Devotes Time and Money to Subsidizing Karl
  Marx in London for the Publication of
• Das Capital

102
The Communist Manifesto

• The Communist Manifesto begins with the
  assertion, "The history of all hitherto existing
  society is the history of class struggles."

103
Forecast of Rising Oil Demand Challenges Tired
Saudi FieldsBy JEFF GERT New York
TimesPublished February 24, 2004

• Saudi Arabia, the leading exporter for three
  decades, is not running out of oil. Industry
  officials are finding, however, that it is
  becoming more difficult or expensive to extract
  it. Today, the country produces about eight
  million barrels a day, roughly one-tenth of the
  world's needs. It is the top foreign supplier to
  the United States, the world's leading energy
  consumer.

104

• But the country's oil fields now are in decline,
  prompting industry and government officials to
  raise serious questions about whether the kingdom
  will be able to satisfy the world's thirst for
  oil in coming years.