The mixed housing system and residential mobility in urban China: comparative study of Beijing and Guangzhou

1
The mixed housing system and residential mobility
in urban China comparative study of Beijing and
Guangzhou

• John R. Logan and Limei Li
• Department of Sociology
• Spatial Structures in the Social Sciences (S4)
• Brown University
• Dec 13, 2007

2
Outline

• Introduction housing reform and the mixed
  housing system
• Residential mobility who moves where and why?
• Comparative analysis based on the 2006 Beijing
  survey and 2005 Guangzhou survey data

3
Residential mobility

• Spatial adjustment model (individual need and
  preference)
• State persistence model (institutional factors)
• Combined housing availability/opportunities model
  
• The housing availability provided by the state,
  the work unit or the developer triggers the
  residential mobility.
• The housing availability of a given city is quite
  place-specific. Therefore the local housing
  context also influence the rate and pattern of
  residential mobility.

4
The different settings

• Beijing the centrally planned economy still
  prevails.
• Guangzhou the market sector is much more
  developed.
• The assessment of the level of marketization
  Guangdong Province stands first and Beijing ranks
  14th on the list in 2000 (Fan et al., 2003).

5
Figure 4 The distribution of housing floor space
completed in Beijing Source Beijing Statistical
Yearbook, 2005
6
Figure 5 The share of real estate development in
housing floor space completed in
Guangzhou Source Guangzhou Statistical Yearbook,
1991-2006
7
Table 1 Tenure type and location in Beijing and
Guangzhou
Self-built Market purchase Economic purchase Public purchase Public rental Market rental others
Beijing 31.21 3.95 2.13 27.93 25.08 6.41 3.29
Central city 7.86 0.78 0.99 30.63 52.66 3.10 3.98
Inner suburb 14.39 1.90 1.95 39.04 30.08 9.00 3.64
Outer suburb 62.94 7.95 2.88 12.75 6.29 4.66 2.53
Guangzhou 35.73 9.13 2.60 22.53 12.91 11.59 5.52
Central city 10.51 7.05 2.16 40.75 22.66 10.19 6.69
Inner suburb 29.31 8.81 3.49 22.43 12.06 18.25 5.65
Outer suburb 65.54 11.36 2.11 5.77 4.74 6.17 4.30
National (cities and towns) 35.71 8.92 5.96 23.51 14.42 6.13 5.36
Source 2000 Population Census
8
Figure 6 Sampled communities of 2006 Beijing
survey
9
Figure 7 Sampled communities of 2005 Guangzhou
survey
10
Table 2 moving frequencies in Beijing since 1980
Moving frequencies since 1980 Urban core Urban core Inner suburb Inner suburb
Moving frequencies since 1980 Frequencies Frequencies
0 149 215
1 130 566
2 20 95
3 or more 1 12
Total 300 888
Table 3 Moving frequencies in Guangzhou since 1980
Moving frequencies since 1980 Urban core Urban core Inner suburb Inner suburb Outer suburb Outer suburb
Moving frequencies since 1980 Frequency Frequency Frequency
0 73 26 2
1 212 300 75
2 156 100 84
3 51 47 21
4 or more 8 30 18
Total 500 503 200
11
Table 4 Comparison of current and previous
housing location in Beijing
Previous housing location Current housing location Current housing location Current housing location Current housing location Current housing location Current housing location Total Total Total
Previous housing location Urban core Urban core Urban core Inner suburb Inner suburb Inner suburb Total Total Total
Urban core 107 168 275
Inner suburb 38 471 509
Outer suburb 2 19 21
Total 147 658 805
Table 5 Comparison of current and previous
housing location in Guangzhou
Previous housing location Current housing location Current housing location Current housing location Current housing location Current housing location Current housing location Current housing location Current housing location Current housing location Total Total Total
Previous housing location Urban core Urban core Urban core Inner suburb Inner suburb Inner suburb Outer suburb Outer suburb Outer suburb
Urban core 352 194 50 596
Inner suburb 55 262 40 357
Outer suburb 2 0 84 86
Total 409 456 174 1039
12
Table 7 Types of residential movement by
housing source in Beijing (N, column, row)
Source 2006 Beijing survey
13
Table 6 Types of residential movement by
housing source in Guangzhou (N, column, row)
Work unit Work unit Work unit Housing bureau Housing bureau Housing bureau Developer Developer Developer Private homeowners Private homeowners Private homeowners Inheritance or conferment Inheritance or conferment Inheritance or conferment Self-built Self-built Self-built Total Total Total
N N N N N N N
Within the central city 84 39.3 23.9 50 64.9 14.2 138 30.5 39.2 46 21.6 13.1 12 41.4 3.4 22 40.7 6.3 352 33.9 100
From central city to inner suburb 27 12.6 13.9 13 16.9 6.7 111 24.6 57.2 31 14.6 16.0 1 3.4 .5 11 20.4 5.7 194 18.7 100
From central city to outer suburb 0 0 0 0 0 0 38 8.4 76.0 11 5.2 22.0 0 0 0 1 1.9 2.0 50 4.8 100
From inner suburb to central city 17 7.9 30.9 7 9.1 12.7 13 2.9 23.6 14 6.6 25.5 2 6.9 3.6 2 3.7 3.6 55 5.3 100
Within the inner suburb 80 37.4 30.5 6 7.8 2.3 96 21.2 36.6 65 30.5 24.8 3 10.3 1.1 12 22.2 4.6 262 25.2 100
From inner to outer suburb 0 0 0 1 1.3 2.5 25 5.5 62.5 13 6.1 32.5 1 3.4 2.5 0 0 0 40 3.8 100
From outer suburb to central city 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 .2 50.0 1 .5 50.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 .2 100
Within the outer suburb 6 2.8 7.1 0 0 0 30 6.6 35.7 32 15.0 38.1 10 34.5 11.9 6 11.1 7.1 84 8.1 100
Total 214 100.0 20.6 77 100.0 7.4 452 100.0 43.5 213 100.0 20.5 29 100.0 2.8 54 100.0 5.2 1039 100.0 100
Note there is zero record for the move from
outer to inner suburb therefore it is excluded
from the table. Source 2005 Guangzhou survey
14
Table 10 who moved or did not move in Beijing?
Source 2006 Beijing survey
15
Table 11 who moved or did not move in Guangzhou?
Source 2005 Guangzhou survey
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Summary and discussion

• Residential mobility in Chinese cities is closely
  related to the changing housing provision
  structure. The housing reform results in a mixed
  housing system and subsequently influences the
  residential mobility.
• State-redistributive and market-reward mechanisms
  are entangled in the process of residential
  relocation, very differently in Beijing and
  Guangzhou.

17
Privatization of realestate investment
(Includes rural self-built housing)
Figure 1,2 The share of real estate development
in housing provision by investment and housing
floor space Source China Statistical Yearbook,
2006
18
Table 8 Types of residential movement by
housing tenure in Beijing (N, column, row)
Renters Renters Renters Owners Owners Owners Total Total Total
N N N
Within the central city 38 19.4 69 11.3 107 13.3
From central city to inner suburb 38 19.4 130 21.3 168 20.9
From inner suburb to central city 6 3.1 32 5.3 38 4.7
Within the inner suburb 108 55.1 363 59.6 471 58.5
From outer suburb to central city 2 1.0 0 0 2 .2
From outer to inner suburb 4 2.0 15 2.5 19 2.4
Total 196 100.0 609 100.0 805 100.0
Source 2006 Beijing survey
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Table 9 Types of residential movement by
housing tenure in Guangzhou (N, column, row)
Renters Renters Renters Owners Owners Owners Total Total Total
N N N
Within the central city 94 43.3 258 31.4 352 33.9
From central city to inner suburb 23 10.6 171 20.8 194 18.7
From central city to outer suburb 4 1.8 46 5.6 50 4.8
From inner suburb to central city 16 7.4 39 4.7 55 5.3
Within the inner suburb 49 22.6 213 25.9 262 25.2
From inner to outer suburb 5 2.3 35 4.3 40 3.8
From outer suburb to central city 0 0 2 .2 2 .2
Within the outer suburb 26 12.0 58 7.1 84 8.1
Total 217 100.0 822 100.0 1039 100.0
Note there is zero record for the move from
outer to inner suburb therefore it is excluded
from the table. Source 2005 Guangzhou survey
20
Table 12 multinomial regression analysis for
Beijing
Note indicates significant at 0.001,
significant at 0.01, significant at 0.05 The
reference group is moved from the central city to
the suburb Source 2005 Guangzhou survey
21
Table 13 multinomial regression analysis for
Guangzhou
Note indicates significant at 0.001,
significant at 0.01, significant at 0.05 The
reference group is moved from the central city to
the suburb Source 2005 Guangzhou survey