Theme Shift FROM PLANNING TO HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT- Part II

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Theme ShiftFROM PLANNING TO HUMAN RESOURCE
DEVELOPMENT- Part II
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DEVELOPMENT PLANNING and Economic and Social
Development

• Problems and Issues, 1989-2009

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End of assumption- Progress is inevitable

• 1983- Robert McNamara resigns from World Bank-
  New and Different Demands
• Institutions, social change and basic needs
  abandoned
• Export Economies--Minerals, agricultural
  commodities and livestock Orthodoxy
• Back to the Future- The key to growth is
  Structural Adjustment

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1985 Bad Planning Discovered

• Illness and death of Brezhnev in Soviet Union
• The Change Russia and Structural Adjustment
• Planning- The Ivory Tower problem
• Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher at height of
  their power

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A Forgotten Question
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Bad Planning Discovered

• From Program to Project Planning Failure in
  Africa
• Ethiopia- Mengistu Haile Mariam declares a
  Leninist state in 1983
• 13 million face starvation in Horn of Africa
• "We are the World" leads to Donor Fatigue

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The Then New Regime 1983
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Development Planning Failure and Future of
Command Economies?

• Transitional conflicts in Angola, Mozambique-
  Cold War Proxies
• CIS and Central Europe become part of development
  portfolio
• Cambodia, Nicaragua (Central America)
• Bosnia, Somalia, Rwanda, Kosovo,

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Failure of Command Economies End of Century

• Afghanistan and Iraq in the 1990s
• Sudan A Thirty Years War
• Terrorism and the Failure of Development
• Nicaragua and the Fall of the Sandanistas

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Return of Populist Command Economy- The Once
and Future President
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Valdrack Jaentschke

• Development Minister in Nicaragua (GSPIA, 1991)

• 1990s Worked as Consultant for International NGOs
  Promoting Democracy
• 2009- Declared Government would expel NGOs
  promoting Opposition To Current Government

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Development Planning as Socialization

• Planning includes secondary and tertiary
  socialization, but not primary socialization

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Primary Socialization in Lithuania
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Development Planning as Socialization

• PrimaryFamily before school
• Secondary--Primary and Secondary Education
• Tertiary--Adult (including Higher education and
  On the Job)
• Problem Social Engineering

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Development Planning and Social Change Overall
Assumption

• Classical Assumption
• Role of the government agent is
• ACT AS A CHANGE AGENT
• and Provide necessary stimulation to society to
  ensure change
• Key Focus is on Human Behavior

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Development Planning Assumptions (Review)

• Development Planning as a Concept
• State will serve as engine of development
• Goal will be to change society, economy and
  political structures
• Controversy not over physical planning but social
  change and economic behavior

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Perception of Development Problems- Planning Bad-
1991 to Financial Crisis, 2009 (Summary)

• The Change End of Cold War
• Structural Adjustment- 1989-2001
• International conflict shifts from East-West
  rivalry and cold war to ethnic, regional and
  internal conflicts culminating in September 11,
  2001
• Now Economic and Social Planning and State
  Building is Back

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Development and Social Planning

• The Devil is in the Details
• An Old Philosopher

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Development Planning Assumptions

1. Assumed that development occurs because of
   planned change
2. Originally, Keynesian planners saw state taking a
   major role in providing leadership to improve
   standards of living in LDCs

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Development Planning Assumptions- Continued

1. Development Planning accepts premises of
   Development Administration
2. State bureaucracy should take major role in
   social mobilization, economic transformation and
   increases in productivity define policy goals
   for society
3. Rejected by some advocates of Development
   Management

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Political Assumptions with Development
Planning, Continued

• Assumes political and administrative leadership
  have made the decision to effect changes in the
  system
• This is a meeting point of both
  counter-dependency strategy and modernization
• Need to strengthen administrative capacity in
  development economics and planning area

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Implementation

• Major responsibility for implementation lies with
  Planning official at the local level
• Development change occurs because of planned
  action
• Assumes political and administrative leadership
  have made decision to effect improvement in the
  social system

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Social Assumptions

• Assumes that there can be state managed social
  mobilization
• Basic premise planning is setting of priorities
  for use of scarce resources through use of
  rational rather than political processes

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Discussion

• Assess the idea of forced social engineering

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The Lack of Administrative Needs

• Depends upon administrative capacity
• Institutional arrangements for planning, planning
  agencies, management systems and processes that
  are innovative
• Human behavior is complex Involves,
• Networks,
• Organizations and
• Institutions

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The Problem Public Corruption and Loss of Faith
in State social action
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• Break

• Ten Minutes

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Supplementary Material

• HRD/Training

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Education and Training

• Knowledge Base
• The problem of bounded knowledge no short cuts
  to education
• The key to the short-term experience designer
  training
• Organizational Development
• Public Sector Higher Education System

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Temptations of Bridging Training

• Short 3-6 Week Training Program, in-country or
  overseas
• Can substitute for the Experience of a University
  Education
• Training best focused on skills not complex
  systems and knowledge

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Temptations of Bridging Training

• Extent to which the administrative culture
  reflects a high degree of paternalism
• One needs flexible people, with flexible minds

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Temptations of Bridging Training

• The new administrators in Transitional states
• First vs. second generation The bridging
  generation can block the next generations

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Problem of Bounded Knowledge

• The Concept
• Need for gradual retirement of existing
  Administrators and a staggered bridge

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Problem of Bounded Knowledge

• The time factor
• Professional and technical skills and "the art of
  management"
• Administrative culture
• Issue of debate and discussion within the public
  service (problem of conformity)
• Criticism of tunnel vision
• Mentality of the old nuts and bolts mechanisms
  within the context of a centralized state

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Education and Training

• Education
• Entry Requirements The MPA style degree?
• The role of University programs

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Education and Training

• The Prospects and Limits of training Problems of
  management skills
• Basic Techniques and Processes (e.g. Computers
  and Quantitative Skills)
• How much Consciousness Raising?
• Development Management vs. Management Development
• The debate over Human Resource Development
• Chicken and Egg Redux

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Education and Training

• Education in Public Management, Personnel,
  Financial Management, Management Information
  Systems (Masters Degree as a Professional Degree)
• Public Policy Analysis and Issue Areas
• Public Administration
• Political Institutions and Processes
• Macro and Micro Economics
• Development Policy and Management (NGOs)

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Training and Education

• The role of overseas training and education
  Problems of technical assistance
• Role of donors and the policy process
• Donor provision of planners and administrators
• The attractiveness of Bridging Training
• The Brain Drain Issue

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Human Resource Development Background

• The Problem Nature of the promote socio-economic
  change bureaucracy Can it?
• Legacy The nature of the stratified Civil
  Service
• Segregated or class based systems
• Elitist
• Generalist, legal or technical
• Extractive?
• Law and Order

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Human Resource Development

• Role of the state in economic development
• Nature of the mixed economy
• Management of public corporations
• Role of regulation trust busting
• Reputation of the African economic model
• Asian, European and Latin American comparisons
  (South Africa as a NIC)

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The Transformation

• Management Systems Definitions and Types
• Routine administration
• Praetorian administration
• Scaffolding Administration
• Development mobilization
• Administration
• non-routine

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Human Resource Development, Development
Management, Planning and Policy

• The nature of the state decision-making process
  planning (and Planning vs. budgets)
• Privatization--administration and contracts
• Deconcentration vs devolution national vs. local
• National
• Regional
• Local

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Human Resource Development- Issue

• Institutional Development, The Weberian model-
  Fit of existing institutions for development
• Mass of Regulations, routines and the hierarchy
  SOPs
• Absence of judgment, discretion and creativity
• How suitable for Development

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Human Resource Development Background

• The civil service "spirit problems of morale
• Pattern of indigenization, localization and equal
  access
• Replacement of long service, old regime or
  expatriates with inexperienced, untrained, often
  "clerical" assistants or politicos with no
  professional skills

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Human Resource Development Background

• The civil service "spirit problems of morale
• Role of the graduates
• Issue of equating authority with age
• Experience vs. the young's feeling of blockage
  from rapid promotion next generation of University

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Sensitivity to Expatriates

• Sensitivity to continuing influence of foreign
  expatriates in technical assistance and
  international organizations
• Symbols of Colonialism or Dependence
• Expatriate mentality and tendency to outside of
  the formal chain of command

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Human Resource Development Background Issues

• Negative image of Government Administration
• Need to shift from law and order administration
  to development values
• Willingness to accept non-governmental and civil
  society organizations
• Question
• Use of bureaucracy development to mobilize people
  for economic change and provide for
  socio-activist, "organic" civil service, not a
  hierarchical, mechanistic one?

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Oprahs Book of the Week?

• Discussion of Books

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Authors of the Week

• Fanon

• Klitgaard

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Book of the Week Discussion

• Robert Klitgaard, Tropical Gangsters
• Franz Fanon, Wretched of the Earth
• Mahasweta Devi, "Dhowli  (See
• Picture)
• Graybeal and Picard, "Internal Capacity and
  Overload in Guinea and Niger"