THE SPANISH AMERICAN WAR 1898 John Hay:

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THE SPANISH AMERICAN WAR 1898John Hay
Splendid little war
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COMPETITION FOR EMPIRE

• AFRICA,
• THE PACIFIC
• AND ASIA

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WHY WAS THE U.S. SLOW TO ENTER THE RACE?

• PRE-OCCUPIED WITH THE WEST.
• INDUSTRIALIZATION
• ASSIMILATION OF IMMIGRANTS
• AMERICAN IDEAL OF SELF-DETERMINATION.
• DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE

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WHY DO NATIONS SEEK EMPIRE?

• FOR RESOURCES
• FOR CONTROL OF MARKETS
• FOR NATIONAL PRIDE

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IN THE 19TH CENTURY DID THE US SEEK EMPIRE?

• WE BOUGHT LOUISIANA FROM FRANCE
• WE ANNEXED TEXAS
• WE SEIZED NORTHERN MEXICO
• WE TOOK CONTROL OF OREGON COUNTRY.

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THE SPANISH AMERICAN WAR WAS A TURNING POINT

• IT EXTENDED AMERICAN INFLUENCE
• GAVE US CONTROL OF AN OVERSEAS EMPIRE.
• GAVE US BASES FOR OUR NAVY
• THE PHILIPPINES, PUERTO RICO, SAMOA, GUAM, AND
  CUBA

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BUT IT CAUSED PROBLEMS TOO.

• RULING SUBJECT PEOPLE
• VIOLATED OUR BASIC IDEALS
• PROBLEMS OF DEFENSE
• ECONOMIC BURDENS.

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WHY THE CHANGE IN POLICY?

• ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
• NATIONAL PRIDE
• A NEW MANIFEST DESTINY
• THE WHITE MANS BURDEN.
• JINGOISM

Rudyard Kipling
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WHAT WERE THE STEPS TO EMPIRE?

• 1867 ALASKA
• PACIFIC ISLANDS MIDWAY, SAMOAN ISLANDS

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HAWAII
President William McKinley

• 1893 AMERICAN LEAD REVOLT
• PRES. CLEVELAND REFUSES TO ANNEX
• 1898 PRESIDENT MCKINLEY AGREES TO ANNEX

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THE CAUSES OF THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR

• HISTORICAL INTEREST IN CUBA
• OSTEND MANIFESTO 1854
• SYMPATHY FOR REBELS 1868
• INFLUENCE OF YELLOW JOURNALISM

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YELLOW JOURNALISM

• WILLIAM RANDOLPH HEARST NEW YORK JOURNAL
• JOSEPH PULITZER NEW YORK WORLD
• PUBLIC DEMAND FOR INTERVENTION

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Atrocities in Cuba were Sensationalized by YP

• Wilson-Gorman Tariff of 1894 and Spanish misrule
  damaged Cubas sugar-based economy
• Cuban Rebellion in 1890s resulted in American
  property losses, as well as Cuban and Spanish
• Re-concentration
• About 100,000 died between 1896 and 1898
• Spanish leader in Cuba Valeriano Weyler seen as
  Butcher Weyler

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JINGOISM

• WAR IS GLORIOUS
• WAR IS AN INSTRUMENT OF NATIONAL POLICY
• U.S. IS A GREAT POWER
• SPAIN IS A PREFECT TARGET

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THE DE LOME LETTER FEB. 1898

• SPAINS MINISTER TO U.S.
• February 9, 1898
• PRIVATE LETTER CALLS MCKINLEY A WEAK POLITICIAN
• PUBLIC IS OUTRAGED
• U.S. uproar forced Dupuy de Lome to resign before
  U.S. called for his recall

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THE SINKING OF THE USS MAINE

• 6 DAYS AFTER DE LOME LETTER
• THE USS MAINE BLOWS UP IN HAVANA HARBOR
• Feb. 15, 1898
• Sent as a friendly visit
• 260 MEN KILLED.
• WHO WAS RESPONSIBLE?

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• The Explosion
• Spanish investigation announced explosion as
  internal, presumably accidental
• American version reported blast caused by a
  submarine mine
• 1976 U.S. Navy report showed blast inside the
  ship was accidental
• American accepted the submarine mine view and
  said Spanish Government was responsible.
• Yellow Press Helped
• AMERICANS CRIED Remember the Maine! To HELL
  WITH SPAIN!

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DESTRUCTION OF THE MAINE
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MCKINLEY RESISTS CALL FOR WAR

• BUSINESS INTERESTS DID NOT WANT WAR
• NEWS PAPERS CLAIM SPAIN DESTROYED THE MAINE
• U.S. SENDS DEMANDS TO SPAIN
• SPAIN AGREES TO MOST DEMANDS

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MCKINLEY YIELDS TO JINGO PRESSURE

• APRIL 24, 1898 CONGRESS DECLARES WAR.
• STATED REASON TO LIBERATE CUBA FROM SPAIN AND TO
  END THE BARBARIC INHUMANE TREATMENT OF THE CUBAN
  PEOPLE.
• POLITICALLY, MCKINLEY WAS AFRAID NOT TO GO TO
  WAR.
• Mark Hanna and Wall Street did not want to go to
  war might interfere with trade in Cuba
• Demands of preserving Republican Party biggest
  factor in decision for war.
• SENT WAR MESSAGE TO CONGRESS ON APRIL 11, 1898

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KEY EVENTS OF THE WAR

• FIRST BATTLE OF THE WAR TO FREE CUBA TAKES PLACE
  IN THE PHILIPPINES.
• NAVAL SUCCESSES
• US army small and weak compared to Spain US navy
  slightly less powerful than Spains.

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• MANILA BAY GEORGE DEWEY- 6 DAYS AFTER
  DECLARATION
• Dewey victorious at Manila Bay
• While Secretary of War was away, Undersecretary
  of War Roosevelt cabled Dewey
• May 1898 Deweys 6 warships sailed into Manila
  Harbor and destroyed all 10 of Spains ten
  warships

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• Germans arrived with 5 warships more powerful
  than Dewey
• Dewey threatened German commander with war as
  soon as you like
• False story emerged that British prevented
  Germans from destroying U.S. fleet
• Three months later
• American troops finally arrived and captured
  Manila in August
• Aided by Filipino insurgents
• Emilio Aguinaldo (Brought from exile)
• US annexation of Philippines, Aguinaldo led an
  insurrection against the U.S.

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• ADMIRALS SAMPSON AND SCHLEY BATTLE OF SANTIAGO
  BAY DEFEATS SPANISH FLEET
• July 1st, Spanish fleet completely destroyed
• USS Oregon used more firepower than Spains 4
  armored cruisers combined About 500 Spaniards
  killed only one American
• Santiago surrendered by Spain shortly thereafter
• US casualties about 379 dead in battle over
  5,000 dead due to disease.

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LAND WAR.

• ARMY ILL PREPARED FOR WAR.
• TEDDY ROOSEVELT RESIGNS AS ASST. SEC. OF NAVY
• JOINS THE ROUGH RIDERS
• BATTLE OF SAN JUAN HILL AND KETTLE HILL.
• San Juan Hill Rough Riders charged up after
  the hill had been largely won by the
• The RR first took Kettle Hills and there were
  heavy causalities
• Heavy fighting at El Caney as well
• GENERAL MILES TAKES PUERTO RICO
• US sought to take the island before the war with
  Spain ended
• Most of population regarded U.S. soldiers as
  liberating heroes
• Spain signed Armistice on August 12, 1898

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THE PHILIPPINES

• U.S. TAKE MANILA, BUT NOT THE REST OF THE
  PHILIPPINES
• FILIPINOS VIEW US AS LIBERATORS.
• WAR ENDS JULY 16, 1898
• ONLY 400 AMERICANS KILLED BY THE WAR
• BUT MORE THAN 4000 DIE FROM DISEASE BAD MEAT.

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TREATY OF PARIS DEC. 1898

• U.S. GETS GUAM, PUERTO RICO
• Cuba freed from Spain
• U.S. received Pacific island of Guam which they
  had captured early in the war.
• US gained Puerto Rico, the last vestige of
  Spains American empire.
• OCCUPIES CUBA
• Anti-Imperialist League
• Insular cases

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• TELLER RESOLUTION PASSED BEFORE THE WAR PROMISES
  CUBAN INDEPENDENCE. U.S. WILL NOT ANNEX CUBA
• Proclaimed to the world that when the U.S. had
  overthrown Spanish misrule, it would give the
  Cubans their freedom Europeans skeptical

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• Us Took Manila the day after Spain sued for peace
• Philippines thus not one of the spoils of war
• U.S. PAYS SPAIN 20 MILLION FOR THE PHILIPPINES
• McKinleys dilemma
• Valuable Philippines larger than British Isles
  population of 7 million
• Did not feel US should give islands back to
  Spain, esp. after fighting a war to free Cuba
• If left alone, Philippines might fall into
  anarchy
• Least of evils was to take Philippines and leave
  independence for later.

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ELECTION OF 1900

• KEY ISSUE IMPERIALISM
• Anti-Imperialist League
• Formed to oppose McKinleys expansionism
• Group includes presidents of Stanford and Harvard
  Universities, philosopher William James, and Mark
  Twain Samuel Gompers and Andrew Carnegie
• Filipinos wanted freedom and annexation violated
  philosophy in the DOI
• Democrats tended to be Anti-Imperialist
• William Jennings Bryan
• BRYAN VS. MCKINLEY

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• REPUBLICANS MAKE T.R. VICE PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE
• BRYAN IMPERIALISM IS THE PARAMOUNT ISSUE

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SHOULD WE KEEP THE PHILIPPINES?

• MCKINLEYS ANSWER COMES FROM GOD.
• Told him to take all the Philippines and
  Christianize and civilize them after he had knelt
  seeking divine guidance
• WE HAVE A DUTY TO UPLIFT AND CHRISTIANIZE THE
  PHILIPPINES.

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THE PLATT AMENDMENT

• CUBA IS INDEPENDENT, THE U.S. CAN INTERVENE
  WHENEVER WE DEEM IT NECESSARY.
• Protect Cuba
• Forced into the Platt Amendment
• Provisions
• Cuba my not contract a debt beyond their
  resources
• U.S. might intervene to restore order and to
  provide protection
• US control Guantanamo Bay Naval Base

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Post War Nationalism after the Spanish American
War

• Established Americas first overseas empire
• US got more respect
• Monroe Doctrine given a significant boost.
• Britain ally with US
• Philippines drew US into Asian affairs
• Mahans view of necessity for larger navy
  prevailed
• Elihu Root improved War Department
• War served to further heal the rift between North
  and South
• Nationalism the result of an urban, mass-culture,
  industrial society.

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THE OPEN DOOR POLICY AND BIG STICK DIPLOMACY.
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VICTORY OVER SPAIN GIVES U.S. AN EMPIRE.

• THE PHILIPPINES WELCOME LIBERATION
• BUT THE U.S. DECIDES TO STAY
• THE PHILIPPINE INSURRECTION 1899 1902
• Emilio Aguinaldo declared Philippines independent
• WILLIAM TAFT U.S. GOVERNOR.
• McKinley appointed Philippine Commission to make
  appropriate recommendations in 1901
• Led by Taft called Filipinos his little brown
  brothers
• US instituted education, sanitation, public heath
  and infrastructure reforms and Filipinos were
  resentful,
• Got Independence July 4, 1946

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CHINA THE OPEN DOOR POLICY.

• U.S. INVOLVEMENT STARTS IN 1830S
• THE CHINESE EMPIRE IS IN DECLINE.
• EUROPEAN SPHERES OF INFLUENCE
• 1899 BRITISH WANT A JOINT US /BRITISH DECLARATION
• MCKINLEY REFUSES

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SEC OF STATE JOHN HAY

• CIRCULATES AN OPEN DOOR NOTE UNILATERALLY.(Summer
  of 1899)
• Issued by Secretary of State John Hay
• DECLARES CHINESE TERRITORIAL INTEGRITY SHOULD BE
  RESPECTED.
• CHINA SHOULD BE OPEN TO ALL.
• Open Door gained wide acceptance in US
• Policy did not gain international acceptance as
  it was weak and relatively short-lived

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THE BOXER REBELLION.

• 1900 THE UNIVERSAL FIST OF HARMONY THE BOXERS.
• DEMAND CHINA FOR THE CHINESE.
• WANT TO EXPEL THE FOREIGN DEVILS.
• 55 DAY AT PEKING.
• ALLIED ARMY BREAK THE SIEGE.
• Millions of Chinese enraged over Open Door Policy
• Multinational force of 18,000 arrived to put down
  rebellion
• Victorious they assessed an indemnity of 333
  million (US got 24.5 mil), when Washington found
  sum excessive, remitted 18 million

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HAY ISSUES A 2ND OPEN DOOR NOTE.

• U.S. IS TOO WEAK TO UNILATERALLY ENFORCE THE
  DEMAND.
• BUT CLEVER DIPLOMACY WORKS.
• Sought to eliminate carving up China with Boxer
  outrages as a pretext
• Hay did not ask for formal acceptances
• China thus spared partition during these years.

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MCKINLEYS ASSASSINATION

• PRESIDENT VISITS PAN AMERICAN EXPO IN BUFFALO,
  N.Y.
• SHOT BY AN ANARCHIST LEON CZOLGOSZ, SEPT. 6, 1901
• From Poland
• DIES SEPT. 14TH.
• THEODORE ROOSEVELT BECOMES PRESIDENT.
• TR became the youngest president thus far in US
  History at 42.
• Pledged would carry out policies of her
  predecessor
• 1st president to play significant role in world
  affairs
• Speak softly but carry a big stick and you will
  go far
• Major proponent of military and naval preparedness

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THE US. AND LATIN AMERICA

• US VIEWS THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE AS OUR SPHERE OF
  INFLUENCE.
• WE MAKE HEAVY USE OF THE BIG STICK.
• AFRICAN SLOGAN SPEAK SOFTLY BUT CARRY A BIG
  STICK.

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THE PANAMA CANAL

• CLAYTON BULWER TREATY OF 1850 U.S. AND BRITAIN
  WILL CREATE A CANAL AND JOINTLY RUN IT.
• THE FRENCH MAKE THE FIRST ATTEMPT. THEY BUILT THE
  SUEZ CANAL.
• THE FRENCH FAIL.

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1898 VOYAGE OF USS OREGON DEMONSTRATES THE NEED.

• TR IS PRESIDENT, WANTS THE U.S. TO BUILD THE
  CANAL.
• HAY PAUNCEFORTE TREATY 1901 RELEASES US FROM THE
  CLAYTON TREATY.
• HAY/ HERRAN TREATY 1903 WITH COLOMBIA

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COLOMBIAN SENATE REJECTS THE TREATY.

• TR CALLS THEM BANDITS
• TR HELPS ENGINEER THE PANAMA REVOLUTION OF 1903
• HAY /BUNAU-VARILLA TREATY 1903
• TR Role
• Canal Completed in 1914 at initiated cost of 400
  million

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PANAMA CANAL

• 50 MILES LONG
• STARTED BY FRENCH COMPLETED ABOUT 1/3RD OF THE
  WORK
• 20,000 FRENCHMEN DIED IN THE EFFORT
• AMERICANS BEGIN WORK 1904 AND COMPLETE IT IN 1914.

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ROOSEVELT COROLLARY 1904

• MONROE DOCTRINE BAR EUROPEAN INTERVENTION IN
  LATIN AMERICA
• SOUTH AMERICAN COUNTRIES HIDE BEHIND IT.
• TR ANNOUNCES U.S. WILL BE POLICEMAN OF THE
  WESTERN HEMISPHERE.
• CUBA US kept high tariffs against Cuban sugar at
  behest of US sugar owners

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THE DRAGO DOCTRINE

• INTERVENTION IS WRONG, A VIOLATION OF
  SOVEREIGNTY.
• IN 20TH CENTURY U.S. WILL INTERVENE OFTEN.
• DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 1905
• CUBA 1906
• NICARAGUA 1911
• HAITI 1915
• DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 1924

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RELATIONS WITH JAPAN

• 1853 COMMODORE MATTHEW PERRY FORCES JAPAN TO OPEN
  TO THE WEST.
• JAPAN QUICKLY MODERNIZES
• RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR 1904
• TR eager to prevent either side from gaining a
  monopoly in Asia but did not seek war
• TR MEDIATES TREATY OF PORTSMOUTH 1904
• JAPAN CONTROLS KOREA PART OF MANCHURIA
• TR WIN NOBEL PEACE PRIZE.1906

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MORE ON JAPAN

• SAN FRANCISCO BOARD OF EDUCATION INCIDENT 1906
• FEAR OF THE YELLOW PERIL
• 1907 GENTLEMANS AGREEMENT.
• ROOT-TAKAHIRA AGREEMENT 1908
• AGREE TO AFFIRM OPEN DOOR TO CHINA
• STATUS QUO IN THE PACIFIC.
• Lansing-Ishii Agreement 1917