Physiological and biochemical characteristics in plants stressed by high temperature

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Physiological and biochemical characteristics in
plants stressed by high temperature

• Tae Wan Kim
• Department of Plant Resources Science,
• Hankyong National University

http//www.hortilover.net/
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Fig. 1. Schematic global climatic change and
plant adaptation
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I. Primary metabolism
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Fig. 2. Changes in primary metabolism under high
temperature stress.
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Fig. 3. Temperature response of respiration (R).
Assuming a rate of R of 0.5 at 0oC(arbitrary
units), R at other temperatures was redicted
assuming a linear decline in the Q10 with
increasing temperature.
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Fig. 4. Theoretical examples of two types of
acclimation. (a) Type I and (b) Type II, and (c)
their effects on the positive feedback
respiration (R) might play in determining future
atmospheric concentrations of CO2 and global
surface temperatures via the greenhouse effect.
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Fig. 5. Q10 of foliar respiration rates of plants
in relation to short-term measurement temperature.
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II. Morphological Cellular Change
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• ?Photosynthetic architecture
• ? Expansion of thylakoid lumen
• ? Decrease in stacked grana
• ?Decrease in mitochondrial cristae
• ?Degradation of cytoplasm
• ?Expansion of endoplasmic reticulum
• ?Disorganization of cell wall fibrillar material

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Fig. 6. Schematic diagram of protein folding and
degradation in high temperature stressed plant
cell.
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III. Chloroplast
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Fig. 7. Kautsky and Hirsch (1931) irradiated a
dark-adapted leaf with a blue light and observed
it visually through a dark-red glass. Here is a
high-tech presentation of what they saw.
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In fluorescence, the actinic light elicits in
plants the Kautsky effect of fluorescence
induction.
FPEAK
to FPEAK with mostly closed PSII RCs
F0
from F0 with open PSII RCs
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Fig. 8. Fluorescence emission and excitation
spectra of barley leaves at selected temperatures.
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Fig. 10. Effect of heat stress on expression of
Rubisco and Rubisco activase. The abundances of
Rubisco small subunit (RbcS) and Rubisco activase
(rca) mRNA were determined by Northern blot
analysis. The de novo synthesis of Rubisco
activase and Rubisco large subunit (LSU) were
determined by short-term 35S-labelling.
Fig. 9. Measured and predicted response of net
photosynthesis to leaf temperature in cotton
leaves at different internal partial pressures of
CO2 (Ci) and O2 concentrations. Net
photosynthesis was determined at 210 () or 10
mbar O2 ()at 280 (A) or 1200 (B) mbar Ci.
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Fig. 11. Western blotting analysis of degradation
from PsaA and PsaB proteins. Leaf samples were
respectively treated by HL (A, D) LL D HT
(B, E) and HL D HT (C, F).
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Fig. 12. (A) SDSPAGE analysis of PSII-enriched
particles isolated from stressed leaves of broad
bean (24 h stress in cut plants). (B)
Immunoblotting raised against D1 polyclonal
antibodies. The experiments were performed at
least three times and reproducible patterns were
obtained.
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Barley shoot
24 OC
24 OC
Fig. 13. Coomassie G-250 stained 2D-PAGE gels of
the soluble protein fractions of (a) the
Mandolina cultivar, 24oC (b) the Jubilant
cultivar, 24oC (c) the Mandolina cultivar, 40oC
and (d) the Jubilant cultivar, 40oC.
40 OC
40 OC
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Fig. 14. Distribution of chloroplast proteases.
The thylakoid membrane is shown in cream. The
serine proteases ClpP, DegP and SppA are shown in
dark red, and the metalloprotease FtsH in purple.
The ATPases ClpC (green) and FtsH are indicated.
The transmembrane helices of FtsH are shown as
purple cylinders. The oligomeric forms of DegP
proteins are suggested by the structure of the
bacterial and mitochondrial 50 homologs. It is
currently not known whether ClpP, FtsH and DegP
proteins form homo- or hetero-oligomers.
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Table 1. Summary of the major protease families
in chloroplasts of Arabidopsis
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20 oC
40 oC
Fig. 15. Topographic image of starch granules in
barley endosperm by atomic force microscope (AFM).
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IV. Mitochondria
? Decrease in cristae ? ? Respiration ?
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Table 2. Five major classes of plant
Hsps/molecular chaperones and their subfamilies,
including specific examples for direct
involvement of Hsps/molecular chaperones in plant
tolerance to stress
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Decrease in mitochondrial cristae ???
Fig. 16. Driving forces of protein translocation
in mitochondria. (A) Proton pumping by the
respiratory chain depletes the matrix of positive
charges and generates an electrochemical gradient
across the inner membrane (IM). The electric
membrane potential (Dw) generates an
electrophoretic force on the predominantly
positively charged presequence once the
preprotein in transit has crossed the outer
membrane (OM). (B) ATP hydrolysis by matrix Hsp70
provides the necessary energy for the complete
translocation of the bulk polypeptide chain. Ssc1
forms a translocation motor in cooperation with
the inner membrane protein Tim44 and the
nucleotide-exchange factor Mge1. TOM Translocase
of the outer membrane TIM17/23 Translocase of
the inner membrane, consisting of Tim17 and Tim23.
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? Hsp70 a chaperone of life and death
protection of mitochondrial membrane polarity ?
ATP production key determinants in the choice
between cell survival and cell death or death by
apoptosis or necrosis. ? Protection from cell
death in thermotolerant cells may reflect
Hsp70/Hsc70-related mitochondrial protection and
maintenance of ATP levels.
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V. Heat Shock Proteins Chaperones
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Expression of heat shock proteins(HSPs)
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Expressed heat shock proteins(HSPs)
1. Hsp100, Hsp90, Hsp70, Hsp60 2. sHsp small
HSP abundantly induced in plants, 3. ubiquitin
ca 8 kDa 4. heat shock transcription factor
(HSF) through binding to the heat shock element
(HSE), a consensus sequence in the promoter
region of all hsp genes.
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Table 1. Five major classes of plant
Hsps/molecular chaperones and their subfamilies,
including specific examples for direct
involvement of Hsps/molecular chaperones in plant
tolerance to stress
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Figure 17. The heat-shock protein (Hsp) and
chaperone network in the abiotic stress response.
Different classes of Hsps/chaperones play
complementary and sometimes overlapping roles in
protecting proteins from stress. Abiotic stress
in plants often causes dysfunction/denaturation
of structural and functional proteins.
Maintaining proteins in their functional
conformations and preventing the aggregation of
non-native proteins are particularly important
for cell survival under stress conditions. To
maintain cellular homeostasis, some members of
the Hsp/chaperone families e.g. small Hsp (sHsp)
and Hsp70 stabilize protein conformation,
prevent aggregation and thereby maintain the
non-native protein in a competent state for
subsequent refolding, which is achieved by other
Hsps/chaperones
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Fig. 18. (a) TaHsp16.9A-CI dimer. Monomers with
two distinct conformations were observed in the
oligomer and are shown in red and green. The
N-terminal arm from the green monomer is shown in
pale greenthe corresponding residues from the
red monomer were disordered. The swapped loop
donated by the green monomer is indicated in
cyan, and the corresponding loop from the red
monomer in pink. The C-terminal extensions are
shown in yellow and orange. (b) TaHsp16.9A-CI
oligomer. Within the dodecamer, the dimers are
arranged in two coaxial rings.
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Fig. 19. Northern hybridisations of the mRNAs
obtained from the seeds of durum wheat grown
under controlled conditions. The probes used are
those for hsp70, hsp26.6, hsp17 and 18S rRNA.
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Table 2. Expression of sHsps in conditions
other than heat stress
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VI. Secondary other Metabolism
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Fig. 20. A schematic depiction of the
biosynthetic pathway that leads to isoprene
ormation inplants. Abbreviations CDP-ME,
4-(cytidine 59-diphospho)-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol
CDPME2P, 2-phospho-4-(cytidine
59-diphospho)-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol DMAPP,
dimethylallyl diphosphate DOXP,
1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate GA-3-P,
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate IPP, isopentenyl
pyrophosphate MECDP, 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol
2,4-cyclodiphosphate MEP, 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol
-4-phosphate MVA, mevalonic acid.
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Fig. 21. Induction of secondary metabolites
under HTS.
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Fig. 22. Basic PRX profiles of the leaf tissues
from unstressed-control (C), gradual heat
stressed (GHS) and shock heat stressed (SHS)
plants. Samples (1) 30 ?C (2) 35 ?C (3) 40 ?C
and (4) 45 ?C.
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Fig. 23. Relative specific activities (standard
error) of GST, GR, APOX, CAT and SOD extracted
from leafy spurge plants exposed to 41C up to 48
h.
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Fig. 24. Effect of high temperature on leaf
electrolyte leakage rate of strawberry plants
exposed to gradual (GHS) and shock (SHS) heat
stress. Values are means from three replications
and vertical bars indicate S.E.
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Fig. 25. Lipid composition of leaves for three
cultivars of creeping bentgrass at 35 ?C. (AC)
Percentage of each lipid species at time 0, 7,
28 days, respectively. (DF) Changes in specific
lipid species over time linolenic, linoleic and
palmitic acids, respectively.
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Fig. 26. Physiological changes of heat-acclimated
(30 ?C) Penncross plants during heat stress (35
?C). (A) Turf quality, (B) TBARS, (C) amino acid
leakage, (D) total chlorophyll content.
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Table 3 . Effects of high temperature and
water-logging on the release of 15N at different
growth stages
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Fig. 27. Dynamics of oil accumulation in
peripheral grains of capitulae exposed to
increased temperature during three 7-day
intervals during grain filling in Helianthus
annus.
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Fig. 28. Evolution of linoleic and oleic fatty
acid percentages (of total lipids) for peripheral
grain of capitulae exposed to increased
temperature during two 7-day intervals during
grain filling in sunflower
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Table 3. Comparison of measured monoterpene mix
(in of the monoterpenes totally detected)
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Fig. 30. Crop stomatal resistance (sm-1) vs. air
temperature (oC) measured during June and July
1997.
Modified Pennman function ?E0.485(1 -
exp.-0027P))Rs 751DP
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During the heat-stress experiments, the cells
were incubated for 3 h at the indicated
temperature after a gradual rise in temperature
at a rate of 3 C per 30 min.
Fig. 31. Polyamine biosynthesis and cell
viability. During the heat-stress experiments,
the cells were incubated for 3 h at the indicated
temperature after a gradual rise in temperature
at a rate of 3 C per 30 min.
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Rose
Fig. 32. Anthocyanin accumulation during rose
flower development. The developmental
stages of Jaguar rose flowers were determined
according to bud diameter (stage 1, 5
/7 mm stage 2, 7/9 mm stage 3, 9/11 mm stage
4, 11/13 mm stage 5, 13/15 mm stage
6, 15/17 mm, and 7 mature bud stage, 17/20 mm)
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Fig. 33. Transient high temperature and the
expression of chs and dfr (dihydroflavonol
reductase). Northern blot analysis of chs and dfr
mRNA levels in flower buds from control buds at
developmental stage 5, and buds from plants
immediately after a 3-day 39 8C treatment given
at stage 3 (buds treated at stage 3, were at
stage 5 of development immediately after the
treatment).
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Expression of protein binding protein
kinase(NtCBK2 )
Fig. 31. the expression of NtCBK2 in plants
treated with 4 C or 42 C for different periods.
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Fig. 2. Localization of NtCBK2 in tobacco anther
(all are anther transections) m, mother pollen
cell ms, microspore ta, tapetum te, tetrad
vb, vascular bundle (A) pollen mother cell stage
(460) (B) meiosis stage (460). The small arrow
indicates vascular bundle (C) tetrad stage
(460) (D) free microspore stage (230) (E)
mature microspore stage (230) (F) vascular
bundle in anther (230) (G) pollen mother cell
stage, showed as negative control (230) (H) the
early stage of ovary stage, showed as negative
control (115).
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VII. Conclusion

• Cellular organelle change
• Photosynthesis/Respiration/Lipid
• Secondary metabolism
• Anthocyan decrease
• Terpene enhanced
• Polyamine Extremely increased
• Heat shock related gene expression

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