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Title: Plants, Fungi, and the Move onto Land CHAPTER 16


1
Plants, Fungi, and the Move onto Land CHAPTER 16
  • Plants
  • Adaptation of Plants to Terrestrial Life
  • Types of Plants
  • Mosses (Bryophytes)
  • Ferns
  • Gymnosperms
  • Angiosperms
  • Importance of Plant Diversity
  • Fungi
  • Characteristics
  • Types

2
Colonizing Land
  • Plants
  • Are terrestrial organisms.
  • Are multicellular eukaryotes that make organic
    molecules by photosynthesis (photoautotrophs).
  • Living on land poses different problems than
    living in water does.
  • Plants require structural specializations, such
    as roots and shoots.

3
Anatomy of a Plant and Terrestrial Adaptations
Figure 16.2
4
  • Leaves
  • Are the main photosynthetic organs of most
    plants.
  • Have stomata for gas exchange.
  • Contain vascular tissue for transporting vital
    materials.

5
Reproductive Adaptations
  • Plants produce their gametes in protective
    structures called gametangia.
  • In plants, but not algae, the zygote develops
    into an embryo while still contained within the
    female parent.

6
Alternation of Generations Seen in Plant Life
Cycles
Both the diploid and the haploid life stages are
multicellular
7
Where Did Land Plants Come From?
  • Molecular comparisons and other evidence place a
    group of green algae called charophyceans closest
    to plants. Plants evolved from a water-based
    algae.

8
Evolutionary Novelties and Clades Arising in
Plant Evolution
Figure 16.7
9
Plants, Fungi, and the Move onto Land CHAPTER 16
  • Plants
  • Adaptation of Plants to Terrestrial Life
  • Types of Plants
  • Mosses (Bryophytes)
  • Ferns
  • Gymnosperms
  • Angiosperms
  • Importance of Plant Diversity
  • Fungi
  • Characteristics
  • Ecological Impact

10
Bryophytes (Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts)
  • Mosses
  • Have no true roots (filamentous rhizoids instead
    terrestrial adaptation)
  • Lack vascular tissue
  • Must live in or near standing water
  • Have a waxy cuticle to prevent dehydration (major
    terrestrial adaptations)
  • Developing embryonic plants are retained within
    the gametangium (ovary) of the mother plant
  • Have a dominant gametophyte (1n) generation

11
Bryophytes Are the Simplest Plants
Figure 16.8
12
Mosses Have a Dominant Gametophyte (1n)
Generation or Life Stage
Moss Life Cycle
Figure 16.10
13
Plants, Fungi, and the Move onto Land CHAPTER 16
  • Plants
  • Adaptation of Plants to Terrestrial Life
  • Types of Plants
  • Mosses (Bryophytes)
  • Ferns
  • Gymnosperms
  • Angiosperms
  • Importance of Plant Diversity
  • Fungi
  • Characteristics
  • Ecological Impact

14
Evolutionary Novelties and Clades Arising in
Plant Evolution
Figure 16.7
15
Ferns
  • Ferns
  • Have true roots
  • Have vascular tissue (xylem and phloem)
  • Must have water nearby during reproduction
  • Forms haploid spores that germinate into tiny
    haploid gametophyte
  • Dominant sporophyte (2n) generation
  • Formed huge swamp forests about 360-250 million
    years ago (Carboniferous Period) ? fossil fuels

16
Adult Ferns, Shoots, and Reproductive Structures
Figure 16.11
17
Ferns Have a Dominant Sporophyte (2n) Generation
2n 1n
18
Swampy Fern-Tree Forests Common 300 Million Years
Ago
Fern Life Cycle
Figure 16.12
19
Plants, Fungi, and the Move onto Land CHAPTER 16
  • Plants
  • Adaptation of Plants to Terrestrial Life
  • Types of Plants
  • Mosses (Bryophytes)
  • Ferns
  • Gymnosperms (Conifers)
  • Angiosperms
  • Importance of Plant Diversity
  • Fungi
  • Characteristics
  • Ecological Impact

20
Evolutionary Novelties and Clades Arising in
Plant Evolution
Figure 16.7
21
Gymnosperms (Mostly All Cone-Bearing Plants)
  • A drier, colder climate at the end of the
    Carboniferous period favored the evolution of
    gymnosperms, the first seed plants.
  • The descendants of early gymnosperms
  • Include the conifers, cone-bearing plants.
  • Gymnosperms have
  • Needle-like or scale-like leaves
  • Male and female cones to make pollen and eggs
  • Naked ovaries within cones (not fully enclosed
    by tissue)
  • Eggs develop into seeds
  • Wind pollinated, form winged seeds
  • Dominant diploid (sporophyte) generation
  • Persistent leaves (evergreen)

22
Gymnosperm (Conifer) Needles and Leaves
Arrangements of needles on a stem
23
Most Gymnosperms Are Evergreen and Reproduce with
Cones
Figure 16.13
24
The Ovaries in a Female Cone are Naked or
Incompletely Housed By Integument Tissue
Pine Life Cycle
Figure 16.16
25
Gymnosperms Have a Dominant Sporophyte Generation
(e.g. Adult Trees)
Mosses Ferns
Gymnosperms
Figure 16.14
26
Plants, Fungi, and the Move onto Land CHAPTER 16
  • Plants
  • Adaptation of Plants to Terrestrial Life
  • Types of Plants
  • Mosses (Bryophytes)
  • Ferns
  • Gymnosperms
  • Angiosperms (Flowering Plants)
  • Importance of Plant Diversity
  • Fungi
  • Characteristics
  • Ecological Impact

27
Angiosperms
  • Angiosperms
  • Supply nearly all of our food and much of our
    fiber for textiles.
  • More efficient water transport and the evolution
    of the flower help account for the success of the
    angiosperms.
  • Angiosperms (Flowering Plants) have
  • Flowers (both sex parts) instead of cones
  • Seeds inside enclosed ovaries
  • Seeds that are further embedded in nutritious
    tissue within fruits
  • Broad and flattened leaves which are deciduous
  • A dominant sporophyte (diploid) generation
  • Are usually animal pollinated (some wind)

28
Anatomy of a Flower
Bee Pollinating
Figure 16.17
29
Angiosperm (Flowering Plant) Leaves Are Broad and
Flattened
30
The Life Cycle of an Angiosperm (Sporophyte
Dominant)
1n
Plant Fertilization
Seed Development
Flowering Plant Life Cycle (time lapse)
Fruit Development
2n
Figure 16.18
31
Angiosperm Fruits Are Fleshy
  • The seed being enclosed within an ovary
    distinguishes gymnosperms from angiosperms.
  • A fruit is a ripened ovary that helps protect the
    seed and increase its dispersal

Flowering/Fert
Seeds
Fruit
32
Seed Dispersal Strategies of Plants
Figure 16.19
33
Plants, Fungi, and the Move onto Land CHAPTER 16
  • Plants
  • Adaptation of Plants to Terrestrial Life
  • Types of Plants
  • Mosses (Bryophytes)
  • Ferns
  • Gymnosperms
  • Angiosperms
  • Importance of Plant Diversity
  • Fungi
  • Characteristics
  • Types

34
Fungi
  • Characteristics of Fungi
  • Eukaryotic, and most are multicellular.
  • Cell walls of the polysaccharide chitin
  • Chemoheterotrophic nutrition, 30 are parasitic
  • Constructed of thin filaments called hyphae that
    form mycelia
  • Fungi reproduce by releasing spores that are
    produced either sexually or asexually.
  • Include the molds, yeasts, and club fungi
    (mushrooms)
  • Fungi are extremely important to ecosystems
    because they decompose and recycle organic
    materials.

35
Diverse Forms Within Kingdom Fungi
Figure 16.20
36
Plants, Fungi, and the Move onto Land CHAPTER 16
  • Plants
  • Adaptation of Plants to Terrestrial Life
  • Types of Plants
  • Mosses (Bryophytes)
  • Ferns
  • Gymnosperms
  • Angiosperms
  • Importance of Plant Diversity
  • Fungi
  • Characteristics
  • Types

37
Club Fungi The Mushrooms
Figure 16.21
38
Molds Mats of Mycelia
Some molds, like Penicillium produce
antibacterial chemicals (antibiotics)
Fungal Reproduction and Nutrition
39
Yeast Single-celled fungi
Saccharomyces cerevesiae bakers and brewers
yeast Candida albicans pathogenic yeast causing
vaginal yeast infections and systemic candidiasis
in AIDS patients
40
Parasitic Fungi
  • Of the 100,000 known species of fungi, about 30
    make their living as parasites.

41
Most Plants Have Mycorrhizae Fungi On Their Roots
Figure 16.3
42
Lichens Are Classified As Fungi But Are Part
Protistan
  • Lichens
  • Are symbiotic associations between fungi and
    algae.
  • Are an example of a cooperative living arrangment
    called mutualism.

43
Plants, Fungi, and the Move onto Land CHAPTER 16
  • Plants
  • Adaptation of Plants to Terrestrial Life
  • Types of Plants
  • Mosses (Bryophytes)
  • Ferns
  • Gymnosperms
  • Angiosperms
  • Importance of Plant Diversity
  • Fungi
  • Characteristics
  • Types
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