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Title: What is pathophysiology? Author: w Last modified by: Created Date: 1/29/2004 11:02:48 PM Document presentation format: – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Welcome to


1
  • Welcome to
  • Pathophysiology

2
Contents of the lecture
3
What is Pathophysiology?
A subject to explore the rule of origin and
evolution of diseases and the underlying
mechanisms.
4
Subjects involved in Pathophysiology
  • All diseases seen in all clinical
  • departments
  • All diseases reproduced in animal
  • models

5
Differences from Physiology
  • Physiopathology
  • Physiology of Disease
  • Clinical Physiology
  • Medical Physiology
  • Physiology of Disordered Function
  • Physiology under diseased situation

6
Differences from Pathology
  • Pathology emphasizes the structural
  • changes
  • pathophysiology deals with functional
  • and metabolic alterations and the
  • mechanisms.

7
The Methodologies Used in Pathophysiology
  • As a subject, the experiments are assigned in
    systemic or organic levels.
  • Animal study
  • Clinical observation
  • Epidemiological study
  • For scientific research, studies in cellular
    and molecular levels are required.

8
Why Is Pathophysiology Important?
  • An essential introduction to clinical medicine.
  • A bridge basic medicine and diseases.
  • Enables us to understand why and how
  • diseases develop and various clinical
  • manifestations appear.
  • What are the underlying mechanisms, and in
  • so doing devise rational therapeutics.

9
How Pathophysiology is Arranged?
  • Introduction what pathophysiology is
  • and what disease is.
  • Fundamental pathological processes
  • fluids and electrolytes imbalance, acid
  • and base disturbances, stress, fever,
  • edema, ischemia and reperfusion, shock,
  • multiorganic dysfunction, and hypoxia.

10
Fundamental pathological processes
  • Some common and whole set alterations in
    metabolism, function and structure, which may
    appear in different disorders

11
How Pathophysiology is Arranged? (cont.)
  • Organic pathophysiology heart, lung,
  • liver, kidney and brain
  • Cellular and molecular pathophysiology
  • signal transduction and diseases and
  • cell apoptosis in diseases

12
Major Points in Learning Pathophysiology
  • The general concepts
  • The etiology and pathogenesis
  • The alterations of metabolism and function
  • The principles for prevention and therapies

13
How to Learn Pathophysiology
  • Grasp the major points causes, pathogenesis,
    alterations in metabolism and functions
  • Use dialectical thinking and methods, such as
    views of contradictory and unification,
    transformation, etc.
  • Selectively review related knowledge learned
    previously, such as physiology, biochemistry,
    molecular biology, immunology, pathology, and so
    on.

14
How to Learn Pathophysiology
  • Pay attention to experimental courses
  • Pay attention to clinical practices

15
Disease
16
Concept of Disease
  • Aberrant manifestation of deregulated
  • homeostasis caused by harmful agents.
  • The development of a disease is a
  • pathologic process with a characteristic
  • set of signs and symptoms involved in the
  • whole body or any of its parts.

17
Concept of Health
  • The state of the organism when it functions
  • optimally without any evidence of disease.
  • The definition of health from WHO
  • Without any evidence of disease, and a state
  • of complete well-being physically, socially
  • and psychologically.

18
Etiology of Disease
  • Etiology is to study the causative agents,
  • microorganisms, environmental, social
  • factors and personal habits as contributing
  • factors that cause diseases.
  • Answer the question why disease happens.

19
Etiology
Dis-beneficial
(Inducer)
()
Pathogen
Diseased body
Healthy body
( )
Beneficial
  • Pathogeny causes disease and endue the
  • characteristics of the diseases

20
Etiological Factors
  1. Extrinsic Factors
  • Biological agents microorganisms and
  • parasites Roup virus
  • Chemical agents non-specific and specific
  • Physical agents mechanical injuries,
  • extremes of temperature, electricity, and
  • radiation
  • Nutritional imbalance excesses or
  • deficiencies

21
2. Intrinsic Factors
  • Genetic factors gene mutation, sickle cell
    anemia,
  • colorblindness
  • Congenital factors abnormal embryonic
  • developmental error
  • Immunological factors the immune response is
  • deficient or inappropriately strong or
    misdirected.
  • Psychological factors Anxiety, strong or
    persistent
  • psychological stress, such as hypertension,
    peptic
  • ulcer, coronary heart disease, and depression.

22
Predisposing factors
  • Genetic constitution
  • Physiological diathesis
  • Psychological characteristics
  • Psychological characteristics

23
Basic Mechanisms for Disease
  • Neural regulations
  • Hormonal regulations
  • Organic regulations
  • Cellular regulations
  • Molecular regulations

24
General rules for the onset and development of
diseases
  1. Disruption of homeostasis
  2. Process of damage and anti-damage
  3. Reversal role of cause and result
  4. Correlation between systemic and local
    regulations

25
Process of damage and anti-damage
26
Reversal rule of cause and result
Primary causes
(-)
()
Further alterations
Responses
Secondary alterations (cause)
27
Systemic and local regulations
  • Interact and restrict each other
  • Learn to grasp the key

28
Outcome of Disease
Complete recovery
Recovery
Incomplete recovery
Outcome of a disease
Death
29
Phases of Diseases
??
??
??
??
Clinic symptoms
Prodrome
Disease
Recovery
Latency
30
Death
  • The body as a whole stop working
  • forever
  • Brain dearth is the marker for the
  • diagnosis

31
Brain Death (WHO criteria)
  • Cessation of spontaneous respiration
  • Irreversible coma
  • Absence of cephalic reflexes
  • Dilated or fixed pupils
  • Absence of any electrical activity of the brain
  • Absence of brain blood flow

32
Significance for diagnosis of brain death
  • In favor of recording the time of death
  • Define the time to terminate for the rescue
  • In favor of organ transplantation
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