ELASTIC REBOUND THEORY

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ELASTIC REBOUND THEORY
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EARTHQUAKE PHENOMENON
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Energy Magnitude Relationship
Energy release increases by 32 times with
increase of 1 magnitude
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Earthquake/Inertia Forces
ACCELERATION
DECELERATION
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EL-CENTRO, 1940 EARTHQUAKE
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(Before Earthquake)
(After Earthquake)
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House Elements Resist Horizontal Forces
Roof Diaphragm
Shear Wall
f1
f2
fsum f1 f2 f3
f3
Foundation
Floor Diaphragm
Cripple Wall
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Damage Resulting from Base Shear
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• BEFORE AN EARTHQUAKE
• Store heavy objects near ground or floor.
• Secure tall objects, like bookcases to the wall.
• Secure gas appliances to prevent broken gas lines
  and fires.
• Learn where your exits, evacuation route, and
  meeting places are. Know the safe spot in each
  room.
• Keep emergency items , such as a flashlight,
  first aid kit and spare clothes, food in your car
  or office.

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• DURING AN EARTHQUAKE
• If indoors, stay in the building.
• Take shelter under solid furniture, i.e. tables
  or desks, until the shaking stops.
• Keep away from overhead fixtures, windows,
  cabinets and bookcases or other heavy objects
  that could fall. Watch for falling plaster or
  ceiling tiles.
• If driving- STOP, but stay in the vehicle. Do not
  stop on bridge, under trees, light posts,
  electrical power lines or signals.
• If outside, stay outside. Move to an open area
  away from buildings, trees, power lines and
  roadways.

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• AFTER AN EARTHQUAKE
• Check for injuries. Give first aid as necessary.
• Check for safety hazards fire, electrical, gas
  leaks, etc. and take appropriate actions.
• Do not use telephones and roadways unless
  necessary so that these are open for emergency
  uses.
• Be prepared for aftershocks, plan for cover when
  they occur.
• Turn on your radio/TV for an emergency message.
  Evacuate to shelters as instructed.
• Remain calm, try to reassure others. Avoid
  injury from broken glasses etc.

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An aerial view of the destruction of houses in
Bhachau and Anjar towns during the Gujarat, 2001
earthquak
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Devastated village - Jawaharnagar which was
relocated at this site after the Anjar earthquake
of 1856. The same has collapsed as no aseismic
design interventions were made during the
rehabilitation and reconstruction of this village.
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Post Office Building, Killari
Damaged but not collapsed
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Public Building in Sastoor
Damaged but not collapsed
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MEERP Programme
Before MEERP
After MEERP
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1985 MEXICO EARTHQUAKE RAILROAD SYSTEM
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1985 MEXICO EARTHQUAKE POUNDING
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Symmetric Plan Less Opening
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Interlocking of Stones
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Interlocking by Through Stones (Haider)
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Through Stones in Existing Walls
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Seismic Bands (Very Important)
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Construction Practice (Marathwada Region)
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Construction Practice (Satara, Kolhapur Region)
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Strengthening of Existing Houses
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Confidence in Earthquake-resistant Measures
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Confidence Building in Retrofitting
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Collapse of open ground story RC frame
residential building in Bhuj.
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2001 Gujarat Earthquake
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2001 Gujarat Earthquake
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Buildings with First-Soft Story
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Buildings with Heavy Water Tanks
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EARTHQUAKE ANALYSIS
SDOF system
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EQUATION OF MOTION
Free Body Diagram
m
kx
Governing Equation
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MDOF System
Figure 2.4
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Distribution of earthquake forces in multi-story
building
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DUCTILE DETAILING OF R.C.C. STRUCTURRES
(IS13920-1993)

• To Add Ductility and Toughness
• (Special confining reinforcement)
• Should be applied for all R.C.C. Structures
• Seismic Zone IV and V
• Seismic Zone III but I gt1
• Seismic Zone III (Industrial Buildings)
• Seismic zone III (gt 5 Storey)
• Flexural Memberes
• Stress gt 0.1 fck
• b/D gt 0.3
• b gt 200 mm
• D gt Clear Span/4

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Condition assessment

• Tapping by hammer
• Rebound Hammer
• Indentation method
• Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Transmission Test
• Covermeter / Pachometer
• Radiography
• Chloride Content
• Testing for Depth of Carbonation
• Tests on Concrete Cores

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Strengthening of column
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Strengthening of column
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Beam Strengthening
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Strengthening of bare frame
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Strengthening of masonry
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FRP strengthening
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Non-isolated
Base-isolated
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Fixed base building Base-isolated
building
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SEISMIC BASE ISOLATION
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Elastomeric bearings
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Sliding bearings
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Response of five-story building isolated by LRB
system
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Response of a five-story isolated by FPS system
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DAMAGE OF BRIDGES DURING EARTHQUAKES
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DUCTILE DETAILING OF R.C.C. STRUCTURRES
(IS13920-1993)

• To Add Ductility and Toughness
• Should be applied for all R.C.C. Structures
• Seismic Zone IV and V
• Seismic Zone III but I gt1
• Seismic Zone III (Industrial Buildings)
• Seismic zone III (gt 5 Storey)
• Flexural Memberes
• Stress gt 0.1 fck
• b/D gt 0.3
• b gt 200 mm
• D gt Clear Span/4

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The American River Bridge installed friction
pendulum bearing
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Thjorsa Bridge with Elastomeric seismic isolation
bearings (Ice land)
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Location 1 k.m. SW of Pelabuhan Building
4-Storeyed MR RCC. Isolator 16
HDR Manufacturer MRPRA, UK
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Location Rancho Cucamonga
California. Isolator HDR Engineers Taylor
Gaines Reid Tarics. Year 1985
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Location Los Angeles, California. Isolator
LRB Engineers KPFF Year 1991
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Location East Los Angeles
California. Isolator HDR Engineers
Fluor-Daniel Year 1990
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Location Sendai, Miyako Provience Isolator
HDR Year 1990
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Tuned mass damper, Huis Ten Bosch tower, Nagasaki
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Damper Connected Buildings
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Thank You